Mindfulness- Based Intervention for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, fluctuates between mild to severe, involving chronic fatigue, Joint pain, stiffness and swelling, often display skin lesions that appear or worsen with sun exposure.

SLE is a stress-related disease, and in many cases, symptoms are worsened under stressful conditions. Studies which have examined the role of stress in maintaining and exacerbate of the disease, have found a large impact of daily stress on the severity of joint pain, abdominal distress, and rash.

Lupus has a high comorbidity with psychiatric disorders. Throughout their lives, 65% of patients with lupus are diagnosed with a mood or anxiety disorder, including major depression (47%), specific phobia (24%), panic disorder (16%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (9%), and bipolar disorder.

Mindfulness Mindfulness involves 'paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally'. It refers to the cultivation of conscious awareness and attention on a moment-to-moment basis. The quality of awareness sought by mindfulness practice includes openness or receptiveness, curiosity and a non-judgmental attitude. An emphasis is placed on seeing and accepting things as they are without trying to change them. With its emphasis on acceptance of body sensations, it should come as no surprise that mindfulness was found to be effective in treating a variety of medical conditions, where distress often stems from the intrusive nature of the pain and difficulties in daily functioning Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) MBSR is a mindfulness based intervention, developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in 1979 as an intervention to relieve stress and better cope with illness, and it is now being offered at many health care institutions in the US and Europe. In its original version, MBSR is an eight-week program in mindfulness training. The standard program has weekly group sessions of 2 - 2.5 hours and one all-day session after six to seven weeks. The weekly sessions have standardized core elements consisting of different mental and physical mindfulness exercises: 1) body-scan exercises (paying close attention to all body parts, from the feet to the head), 2) mental exercises focusing one's attention on breathing, 3) physical exercises with focus on being aware of bodily sensations and one's own limits during the exercises, and 4) practicing being fully aware during everyday activities by using the breath as an anchor for attention. Essential to all parts of the program is developing an accepting and non-reactive attitude to what one experiences in each moment.

MBSR interventions have never been studied among patients with SLE, and this study is the first randomized- controlled trial which explore the efficacy of mindfulness- based intervention among SLE patients. Additionally, Recent years have seen a surge in research supporting personalized treatment, "tailored" to the individual patient's size. Various studies have shown a significant interaction between specific patient characteristics and treatment outcome. Nonetheless, most research in the field of Mindfulness have used the standard protocol of MBSR, without considering the specific need and difficulties of SLE patient, both psychological and physical (e.g., sitting down through a long meditation). In the current study, the investigators plan to answer this gap, and develop a protocol of MBI (mindfulness- based intervention) based on the generic MBSR protocol, which would be adapted to the specific needs of SLE patients.

The main objective of this study is to explore the impact of MBI on SLE patients. Since SLE is a stress-related conditions, which is maintained and worsened by stress, the investigators believe that an intervention which focuses on stress- reduction, such as MBI, would be very beneficial for the condition, and that the reduction in stress would mediate an improvement in physiological aspects (e.g., pain), psychological aspects (e.g., depression and anxiety) and cognitive aspects (e.g., control of pain and body awareness) of the conditions as well.

Recent years have seen a surge in research supporting personalized treatment, "tailored" to the individual patient's size. Various studies have shown a significant interaction between specific patient characteristics and treatment outcome.

In this study, the investigators will examine how potential cognitive (e.g., psychological flexibility towards pain, pain catasrophizing), psychopathological (e.g., baseline stress and depression) and physiological (e.g., baseline Lupus symptoms) moderators of MBI action.

In this study, for the first time ever, the investigators explore an amended MBSR protocol, which has been tailored specifically to address the unique and exclusive necessities and adversities of SLE patients, such as pain and the cognitive psychological aspects of the pain. This examination is highly supported by the approach of personalized medicine, which has significantly developed over the last decades, advocating the creation of customized treatment, which is "tailored" to the patient's size.

the investigators expect that MBI would lead to greater improvements in clinical symptoms (such as depression and anxiety), decrease pain levels and enhance cognitive processes such as psychological flexibility, compared to a waiting list control group.

Consequently, the investigators assume that the expected reduction in symptoms, would be mediated by cognitive variables, namely, a positive change in cognitive variable, in turn, will lead to positive changes in psychological and physiological symptoms.

Methods The current study is a randomized- Control Trial (RCT), 119 patients diagnosed with SLE syndrome were randomly assigned either to mindfulness-based intervention group (MBI) or to a wait-list control group (WL).

MBI group Treatment participants received MBI, specially adapted to treat SLE patients by a group of mindfulness specialist psychologists and therapists. The intervention led by a licensed clinical therapist and mindfulness specialist, who was trained in MBSR at Bangor University.

The intervention took place in Chaim Sheba medical Center and lasted 10 weeks, with one session a week.

the investigators conducted 4 central measurements points through the study, which included physiological and psychological variables: at the beginning of the intervention (T1), in the middle of the intervention (T2) at the end of the intervention (T3) and one 6 months follow- up measurement after the termination of the intervention (T4). Additionally, the investigators conducted blood tests before and after the intervention (T1 and T3).

In addition to the quantitative date, the investigators carried out qualitative interviews, in order to examine the experience of the participants in the intervention in their own words. The aims of the interviews were to explore participants' subjective experiences in their own words, to acquire a deeper understand of the changes in psychological aspects and to analyze the underlying mechanisms of psychological changes. Furthermore, the investigators wanted to comprehend the specific needs of SLE patients might be better addressed within the adapted protocol.

Last, blood tests were conducted before and after the intervention (T1 and T3), in order to examine blood related measures, including a c-reactive protein test (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, complement C3 and C4, cytokines, antibodies and Complete Blood Count (CBC).

Wait-list control group Patients randomized to this group received no active treatment during their 10-weeks waiting period, and in the end of that period received the exact intervention as the study group.