Children in this arm will take antibiotic prophylaxis for 2 years. Patients in this arm will do clinical/instrumental follow-up for 5 years.
The antibiotic for prophylaxis will be chosen by Physicians according to the local resistance spectrum of bacteria responsible of UTIs
Physicians can chose one the following schedules:
nitrofurantoin 1.5-2 mg/kg per day
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination 15 mg/kg per day (dose expressed in units equivalent to amoxicilline)
cefixime 2 mg/kg per day
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2.5 mg/kg per day (dose expressed in units equivalent to trimethoprim)

Children in this arm will not take antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients in this arm will do clinical/instrumental follow-up for 5 years

Vesicoureteral Reflux

Renal Hypodysplasia, Nonsyndromic, 1

Chronic Kidney Disease

antibiotic prophylaxis of urinary tract infections The antibiotic for prophylaxis will be chosen by Physicians according to the local resistance spectrum of bacteria responsible of UTIs
Physicians can chose one the following schedules:
nitrofurantoin 1.5-2 mg/kg per day
amoxicilline/clavulanic acid 15 mg/kg per day (dose expressed in units equivalent to amoxicilline)
cefixime 2 mg/kg per day
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2.5 mg/kg per day (dose expressed in units equivalent to trimethoprim)

nitrofurantoin

children will be followed, but no antibiotic prophylaxis will be administered

No prophylaxis

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

Cefixime

Pediatric Nephrology Dialysis and Transplant Unit IRCCS Ca'Granda

Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Renal Damage In Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

Urinary tract infections will be strictly monitored in all enrolled patients (both group A and group B). The rate of urinary tract infections in the first 24 months from the enrolment will be compared between 2 groups

Febrile urinary tract infections will be strictly monitored in all enrolled patients (both group A and group B). The rate of febrile urinary tract infections in the first 24 months from the enrolment will be compared between 2 groups

the appearance of renal scars in a dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan will be detected at 2 and 5 years from enrolment and compared between the 2 groups.

The renal function (serum creatinine) will be monitored for all enrolled patients to explore the appearance and progression of renal damage

the appearance of hypertension will be monitored at every visit in all enrolled children

the appearance of proteinuria will be monitored at every visit in all enrolled children

body mass index will be evaluated at 2 and 5 years of follow-up and it will be correlated to the use of antibiotic prophylaxis

The renal function (serum cystatin-C) will be monitored for all enrolled patients to explore the appearance and progression of renal damage

A stool sample will be collected, frozen and stored for gut microbiota and resistome profile analysis

vesico-ureteral reflux/qızdırma

Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Renal Damage In Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

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