The potential role of tubeimosides in cancer prevention and treatment.

Natural compounds are important sources of anticancer drugs. Rhizoma Bolbostemmatis (Chinese name "Tu Bei Mu") is the dry tuber of Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae). It has long been widely used for treating various ailments including cancer in traditional Chinese medicine. Its major pharmacologically active components are the triterpenoid saponins tubeimosides (TBMs) including tubeimoside (TBM) I, II and III. Extensive researches have provided evidences of the anticancer activities of TBMs in different stages of carcinogenesis both in vitro and in vivo model. TBMs could inhibit cell growth and proliferation, induce cell differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy and, inhibit inflammation, and suppress angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis via various signaling pathways. They are effective in combination therapies, particularly at targeting drug-resistant cancer cells. This mini-review aims to summarize and analyze the current knowledge on the pre-clinical studies of anti-tumor effects, the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss the prospects of the application of TBMs in cancer prevention and treatment. The potential of TBMs as pertinent candidates could be appropriately developed and designed into an efficacious anticancer drug.