Rehabilitation Program as an Alternative Therapy for Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Ключови думи
Резюме
Описание
The obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAS), with an estimated prevalence of between 2 and 4% (1) is characterized by repetitive obstructions of the upper airway that generate intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation. The typical clinical profile of the apneic patient is an middle aged (50-55 years) obese male, snoring and drowsy. Moreover, OSAS is a risk factor for hypertension independent of obesity (2, 3) and it is now clear evidence that untreated apnea patients have high cardiovascular morbidity / mortality (CVM) higher than subjects treated with CPAP (4-6).
Clinically, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is the main symptom (7) but the attentional and cognitive disorders (8.9), depression or simply a state of fatigue are other possible manifestations of OSAS. The impact on quality of life (QoL) (10-12) are significant and underestimated. The origins of this drowsiness are multiple: one finds the fragmentation of sleep (13,14), intermittent hypoxia, respiratory effort, obesity (15) and certain cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 involved in sleep regulation (16-19).
On the pathophysiology, the investigators find in the obstructive apneic oxidative stress (20-24) and systemic inflammation (25-27). CRP and levels of some cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha) are increased and their levels are correlated with the severity of disease as the increase of CVD (28-30 ). Intermittent hypoxia appears to play an essential role in the genesis of these abnormalities (31).
On the metabolic dysregulation of many coexist. Found abnormal fasting blood glucose, a state of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperleptinemia. Insulin resistance increases with body weight independent of the index of apnea / hypopnea (AHI) (18, 32-34). Intermittent hypoxia appears to be the cause. Leptin secreted by adipocytes, regulates weight by controlling appetite and energy expenditure. The hyperleptinemia found in OSA is controversial. Obesity appears to be primarily responsible for some (36) while others suggest the role of nocturnal hypoxemia (37). In fact, it is more the state of leptin resistance that hyperleptinemia alone that seems to be involved.
Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has clearly demonstrated its effectiveness to suppress apneas and sleep fragmentation associated. A meta-analysis (38) has confirmed the improvement of IDS by the PPC. However, in less severe forms, improving the SDE is less clear (39) and the PPC is sometimes not easily accepted, not tolerated and limiting its effectiveness is its poor compliance (40,41). From a pathophysiological point of view, CSF improves systemic inflammation (26,27) and diminishes the CVD (5.6). For cons, the metabolic dysregulation (insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, dyslipidemia) are improving somewhat CPAP except in patients without obesity (42-44).
The dietary guidelines are essential for the management of this disease is the result for a large part of a healthy lifestyle deleterious. Weight loss, regular physical activity is also clearly recommended but unfortunately rarely performed and / or supported by our healthcare system. Few studies have focused on studying the effects of such treatment on sleep apneic patients. In normal subjects, the effects of exercise on sleep are described in a meta-analysis (45). The practice of regular physical activity endurance improves quality of sleep (45-47). Sleep latency is shorter, there is less change in stages and fewer awakenings and arousals from sleep. Unlike other studies show that in situations where physical activity is reduced (physical inactivity, obesity, or prolonged bed rest, for example) sleep deteriorates, breaks and daytime alertness decreases. The effect of exercise in OSAS (48,49) and especially the training in physical exercise (48) shows an improvement in sleep quality and reduction of awakenings and arousals from sleep and fewer respiratory events (IAH). Pathophysiological point of view, there is a decrease in concentrations of leptin (50-53) and inflammatory cytokines (54-55) in different populations of subjects (healthy, older, obese, or with heart failure). And the investigators know the effects of exercise on carbohydrate metabolism in particular (decreased insulin resistance).
And physical activity improves sleep quality in normal subjects while in parallel it would have an anti-inflammatory. For patients with severe OSAS, our hypothesis is to improve the quality of sleep (SLP rate) and a decrease in AHI and EDS through rehabilitation training (REE) associated with a comprehensive care (patient education, dietary, psychological, ...). On the pathophysiology, this improvement would be through a reduction of biological abnormalities associated with OSA are also markers of cardiovascular risk. Mainly metabolic disorders, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.
Дати
Последна проверка: | 08/31/2011 |
Първо изпратено: | 05/25/2011 |
Очаквано записване подадено: | 05/26/2011 |
Първо публикувано: | 05/29/2011 |
Изпратена последна актуализация: | 09/18/2011 |
Последна актуализация публикувана: | 09/19/2011 |
Действителна начална дата на проучването: | 10/31/2007 |
Приблизителна дата на първично завършване: | 05/31/2010 |
Очаквана дата на завършване на проучването: | 07/31/2010 |
Състояние или заболяване
Интервенция / лечение
Behavioral: In-Patient Rehabilitation
Behavioral: Educational activities alone
Фаза
Групи за ръце
Arm | Интервенция / лечение |
---|---|
Experimental: In-Patient Rehabilitation Sessions of rehabilitation contains :
Individualized exercise training
Educational activities
Dietary advices | Behavioral: In-Patient Rehabilitation Individualized exercise training (IET):
Duration : 24 sessions during 4 weeks
IET session (2h) contains:
15' start warming up muscles
30' muscle strengthening exercise for arms and abdominal muscles
45' individualized cycle ergometer endurance training to the ventilatory threshold heart rate measured on the cardiopulmonary exercise test.
15' stretching
15' postural, movement and balance exercises IET session was controlled by a professional instructor using heart rate monitoring. Duration, intensity and attendance were recorded in a logbook.
Educational activities (20h): the 8 themes are comparable to comparator arm. Dietary management: was performed by dietician to ensure that energy intakes are adjusted to energy expenditure. No restrictive diet was prescribe. |
Active Comparator: Educational activities alone Out-patient control arm contains only :
-Educational activities | Behavioral: Educational activities alone Educational activities alone contains 10 sessions lasting 1:00 with 8 themes :
Physiological mechanisms of apneas/hypopneas
Effects of apneas/hypopneas on health (vascular morbidity/mortality and sleepiness)
Beneficials effects of CPAP and/or advanced mandibular orthosis
Description of sleep stages and physiological roles of sleep
Known effects of exercise on sleep and metabolism
Importance of good nutritional status and sleep hygiene on quality of life
How to apply theses lessons of rehabilitation in daily life |
Критерии за допустимост
Възрасти, отговарящи на условията за проучване | 30 Years Да се 30 Years |
Полове, допустими за проучване | All |
Приема здрави доброволци | Да |
Критерии | Inclusion Criteria: - Moderate to severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome (AHI > 15/h) - Sedentary patient (Activity Voorrips Questionnary score < 9,4) Exclusion Criteria: - OSAS already treated by CPAP or other therapy (OAM,...) - BMI > 40/m² - Hypnotic and sedative medications - Cranio-facial malformation - Obstructive respiratory disease (COPD, asthma,...) - Instable heart ischemic disease and all |
Резултат
Първични изходни мерки
1. Delta of the Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI)between the two arms [participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 4 weeks]