Effects of an Indoor Cycling Program on Cardio-Metabolic Factors in Women With Obesity and Normal Body Weight
Ключови думи
Резюме
Описание
Anthropometric measurements were conducted with the subjects wearing light clothing and no shoes. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and height to the nearest 0.5 cm. BMI was calculated as weight divided by height squared (kg/m2 ). Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Waist circumference (cm) was measured at the level of the iliac crest at the end of normal expiration. Hip circumference was measured at the maximum protuberance of the buttocks. Waist and hip circumferences were measured to the nearest 0.5 cm. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated as waist circumference divided by hip circumference. Index of central obesity (ICO) was calculated as waist circumference (cm) divided by height (cm) (Parikh, et al., 2012).
Body composition analysis was assessed using DXA (GE Healthcare Lunar Prodigy Advance; GE Medical Systems, Milan, Italy). The subjects were instructed not to make any intense physical effort in the 24h prior to the examination. The subjects were given complete instructions on the examination procedure. They wore cotton T-shirt, shorts, and socks and lay on the DXA table supine and motionlessly during the testing procedure. They were instructed to remove all metal, rubber, and plastic objects that might affect the X-ray beam. The same well-trained laboratory technician positioned the subjects, performed the scans, and executed the analysis according to the operator's manual, using the standard analysis protocol. Total body fat mass and lean body mass were determined using standard scan mode (in case of moderately obese subjects) or thick scan mode (in case of extremely obese subjects); the absorbed dose of radiation was 0.4 μGy and 0.8 μGy, respectively.
To determine the subjects' physical capacity, a Graded Exercise Test (GXT) was performed on an electronically braked cycle ergometer (Kettler ® DX1 Pro, Kettler, Ense, Germany). GXT began at a work rate of 25 W (60 rev/min). The work rate was incremented by 25 W every 2 min until the subject could no longer maintain the required pedal cadence. Each test lasted 4-14.5 min, depending on age and aerobic fitness status. The exercise tests were conducted between 8: 00 and 12: 00 a.m. in an air-conditioned laboratory, 2 h after consuming a light breakfast. Expired gases, minute ventilations (Ve), and heart rate (HR) during GXT were monitored continuously with an automated system (Oxycon Mobile ® ; Viasys Healthcare, Hoechberg, Germany). Oxygen intake (VO 2 ) and carbon dioxide output (VCO 2 ) was measured breath-by-breath and averaged over 15-second periods. Before each trial, the system was calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Peak VO2 was defined as the highest 15-second averaged VO 2 obtained during the final exercise load on the test. HR peak (bpm) was measured as the highest 15-second average value in the test. To determine ventilatory threshold (VT), the V-slope method was administered using computerized regression analysis on the slopes of the CO 2 output versus O2 uptake plot, which detects the beginning of the excess CO 2 output generated from the buffering of H +. The method involves analyzing the behavior of VCO 2 as a function of VO 2 during GXT with a consequent increase in VCO 2 . This results in a transition in the relationship between VCO 2 and VO 2 . The software supplied by Viasys Healthcare was used, supported with a visual inspection on the part of an experienced researcher. As a secondary method, the ventilatory equivalent method (VEQ method) was employed and the point at which the equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO 2 ) increased without a concomitant rise in the equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO 2 ) was detected. The VT was expressed as a heart rate (HR VT ).
Exercise blood pressure was measured during a GXT using a digital electronic tensiometer (model 705IT TM, Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The measurement was taken during maximal work rate. Exercise HR was measured as the highest 15-second average value in the GXT. Resting blood pressure was measured fasting in the morning hours, in a sitting position with the legs uncrossed and the back and arm supported. Resting HR was measured under the same conditions, using auscultation of the heart by stethoscope. Regular or large adult cuffs were used, depending on the patient's arm circumference.
Дати
| Последна проверка: | 05/31/2020 |
| Първо изпратено: | 06/23/2020 |
| Очаквано записване подадено: | 06/28/2020 |
| Първо публикувано: | 07/01/2020 |
| Изпратена последна актуализация: | 06/28/2020 |
| Последна актуализация публикувана: | 07/01/2020 |
| Действителна начална дата на проучването: | 12/31/2012 |
| Приблизителна дата на първично завършване: | 06/14/2016 |
| Очаквана дата на завършване на проучването: | 06/14/2016 |
Състояние или заболяване
Интервенция / лечение
Behavioral: Indoor Cycling Interval Exercise Training
Фаза
Групи за ръце
| Arm | Интервенция / лечение |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Women with Obesity 23 healthy, obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; waist circumference > 80) women, aged 34-62, screened at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Disorders, and Hypertension, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland were enrolled based on the inclusion criteria and the willingness to participate in the research. | |
| Active Comparator: Normal-weight Women 8 healthy, normal-weight (≤ 24.9 and ≥ 18.5 kg/m2) women, aged 34-62 were enrolled to intervention from the announcement.
Random selection for groups was not applicable due to the planned body mass difference in the studied groups. |
Критерии за допустимост
| Възрасти, отговарящи на условията за проучване | 30 Years Да се 30 Years |
| Полове, допустими за проучване | Female |
| Приема здрави доброволци | Да |
| Критерии | Inclusion Criteria: Initial inclusion criteria for both study groups were as follows: age: 30 to 65 years and stable body weight in the month prior to the trial (permissible deviation ± 1 kg). For Women with Obesity Group: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; waist circumference > 80 cm. For Normal-weight Womeng Group: BMI ≤ 24.9 and ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 Exclusion Criteria for both study groups were as follows: - secondary form of obesity and/or secondary form of hypertension; - diabetes mellitus; - history of coronary artery disease; - stroke; - congestive heart failure; - clinically significant arrhythmias or conduction disorders; - malignancy; - poorly controlled hypertension (SBP > 140 mmHg and/or DBP > 90 mmHg), and/or modifications to antihypertensive treatment; - lipid disorders requiring the implementation of drug treatment; - clinically significant abnormalities in liver, kidney or thyroid gland function; - clinically significant acute or chronic inflammatory process within the respiratory, digestive or genitourinary tracts, or the oral cavity, pharynx or paranasal sinuses; or, presence of connective tissue disease or arthritis; - history of infection within the month prior to the study; - nicotine, alcohol or drug abuse; - and / or any other condition which, according to the researchers, would cause that participation would be detrimental to the participant or would prevent, limit or interfere with the results of the study. |
Резултат
Първични изходни мерки
1. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) [mmol/l] [At baseline]
2. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) [mmol/l] [After three months of physical training]
3. Human anti-oxidized low density lipoprotein antibody (OLAb) [U/L] [At baseline]
4. Human anti-oxidized low density lipoprotein antibody (OLAb) [U/L] [After three months of physical training]
5. Blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC) [mmolCRE/l] [At baseline]
6. Blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC) [mmolCRE/l] [After three months of physical training]
7. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) [μmol/l] [At baseline]
8. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) [μmol/l] [After three months of physical training]
9. Activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) [ng/ml] [At baseline]
10. Activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) [ng/ml] [After three months of physical training]
11. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [pg/ml] [At baseline]
12. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [pg/ml] [After three months of physical training]
13. C-reactive protein concentration (CRP) [mg/l] [At baseline]
14. C-reactive protein concentration (CRP) [mg/l] [After three months of physical training]
Вторични изходни мерки
1. Body mass [kg] [At baseline]
2. Body mass [kg] [After three months of physical training]
3. Body height, waist circumference, hip circumference [cm] [At baseline]
4. Body height, waist circumference, hip circumference [cm] [After three months of physical training]
5. Body composition [At baseline]
6. Body composition [After three months of physical training]
7. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) [ml•min-1•kg-1] [At baseline]
8. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) [ml•min-1•kg-1] [After three months of physical training]
9. Resting heart rate [bpm], Peak heart rate [bpm], Ventilatory threshold heart rate [bpm], [At baseline]
10. Resting heart rate [bpm], Peak heart rate [bpm], Ventilatory threshold heart rate [bpm], [After three months of physical training]
11. Resting SBP [mmHg], Resting DBP [mmHg], Exercise SBP [mmHg], Exercise DBP [mmHg] [At baseline]
12. Resting SBP [mmHg], Resting DBP [mmHg], Exercise SBP [mmHg], Exercise DBP [mmHg] [After three months of physical training]
