Long-term exposures to di-n-butyl phthalate inhibit body growth and impair gonad development in juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether long-term exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) disrupt the reproduction-based endpoints in juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Fish were exposed to 5, 15 or 50 µg l(-1) DnBP for 30, 60 and 90 days each, and the effects on survival, body growth, whole-body concentrations of sex steroid hormones and gonadal development were investigated. The lowest observed effective concentration to affect the condition factor after 90 days was 5 µg l(-1). Complete feminization of the gonad was noted in fish exposed to 5 µg l(-1) for 90 days and to 15 and 50 µg l(-1) of DnBP for 30 or 60 days. After 90 days of exposure to DnBP, the ovaries were regressed and immature as opposed to the control fish which were in early-vitellogenic stage. Testes, present only in fish exposed to 5 µg l(-1) of DnBP for 30 or 60 days, were immature in comparison to the control fish that contained testes in the mid-spermatogenic phase. The E2/11-KT ratio was significantly higher only after exposures to 5 µg l(-1) DnBP for 90 days and 50 µg l(-1) DnBP for 30 days. Our data suggest that exposures to 5 µg l(-1) DnBP for 30 days did not have profound effects on body growth and gonadal differentiation of fish. However, 30 days of exposure to 15 µg l(-1) could interfere with the gonad development and to 50 µg l(-1) could compromise the hormonal profile of juvenile fish.