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Fetal hypoxemia on a molecular level: adaptive changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the lungs.

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The development of diseases in later life, such as diabetes type II, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, is linked to abnormal intrauterine conditions that reduce birth weight. Obviously, fetal development can be disturbed so profoundly, that fetal programming is changed permanently. We have

Gestational age-dependent changes in the levels of mRNAs encoding cortisol biosynthetic enzymes and IGF-II in the adrenal gland of fetal sheep during prolonged hypoxemia.

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Hypoxemia represents a major stress for the fetus, and is associated with alterations and adaptations in cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine responses, which in turn may affect tissue growth and differentiation. To determine the effects of hypoxemia on fetal adrenal activity and growth, we

Metabolic and endocrine responses to graded exercise under acute hypoxia.

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Eight male subjects (24 +/- 1 years old) performed graded ergocycle exercises in normoxic (N) and acute hypoxic (H) conditions (14.5% O2). VO2max decreased from 55.5 +/- 1.3 to 45.8 +/- 1.4 ml . kg-1 . min-1 in H condition. Plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations remained unchanged

Steroid biosynthesis by gonads of rats submitted to chronic hypobaric hypoxia.

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In vitro biosynthesis of steroids by testes and ovaries was studied in rats submitted to 6,000 m simulated altitude for 23 weeks and their controls at sea level atmospheric pressure. Gonads' homogenates were incubated in the presence of 4(-14) C-pregnenolone and cofactors. Extractions, partitions,

Prenatal blockade of estradiol synthesis impairs respiratory and metabolic responses to hypoxia in newborn and adult rats.

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We tested the hypothesis that estradiol modifies respiratory control in pregnant rats and participates in the development of respiratory chemoreflexes in fetuses. Pregnant rats (n = 12) received daily subcutaneous injections of vehicle (Veh, n = 6) or 4-androsten-4-ol-3,17-dione acetate (ATD;

Chronic intermittent hypoxia stimulates testosterone production in rat Leydig cells.

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The hypoxia-stimulated response of the endocrine system depends on the kind and duration of hypoxia. Hypoxia has been reported to stimulate testosterone (T) production in rats, but the mechanisms remain to be investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male

Fetal and maternal endocrine responses to reduced uteroplacental blood flow.

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In clinical practice, falling or reduced maternal estrogen levels are commonly regarded as indicators of fetal distress. However, experimental studies in primate animal models demonstrate that changes in maternal estradiol concentrations vary in response to reduced uteroplacental blood flow and are

Endocrine studies in cyanotic congenital heart disease.

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Seven male patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease were studied. Serum testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels did not differ significantly from control values. Thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin responses to injected thyrotrophin

Oxygen dependence of oestrogen production by human placental microsomes and cultured choriocarcinoma cells.

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The oxygen dependence of oestrogen (oestrone and 17 beta-oestradiol) formation from androstenedione and testosterone was studied in term human placental microsomes and in cultured human choriocarcinoma cells (BeWo line). Incubations were performed under various steady-state oxygen concentrations and

Testosterone metabolism by the rat gastrointestinal tract, in vitro and in vivo.

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We have shown previously that the capacity of the jejunal mucosa to oxidise testosterone to the weaker androgen, androstenedione, by the enzyme 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD), is considerable. The present study extends these earlier observations by measuring 17 beta-HSD activity

Some experiments on the role of the foetal pituitary in the maturation of the foetal adrenal and the induction of parturition in sheep.

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The effect of repeated increases in plasma ACTH on the production of corticosteroids and androstenedione in the sheep foetus has been investigated. Elevation of foetal plasma ACTH for up to 2 h every 24 h by repeated periods of hypoxia increased the output of cortisol. No consistent effects on

Higher androgen bioactivity is associated with excessive erythrocytosis and chronic mountain sickness in Andean Highlanders: a review.

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Populations living at high altitudes (HA), particularly in the Peruvian Central Andes, are characterised by presenting subjects with erythrocytosis and others with excessive erythrocytosis (EE)(Hb>21 g dl(-1) ). EE is associated with chronic mountain sickness (CMS), or lack of adaptation to HA.

Endocrine and metabolic studies in unstable cor pulmonale.

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Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, and dihydro-epiandrosterone concentrations rose significantly in seven men studied during recovery from a severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease. Urinary 17-ketosteroids also rose significantly though serum

Placental Aromatase Is Deficient in Placental Ischemia and Preeclampsia.

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BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a maternal hypertensive disorder with uncertain etiology and a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality worldwide, causing nearly 40% of premature births delivered before 35 weeks of gestation. The first stage of preeclampsia is characterized by reduction of

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