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Antimanic-like activity of candesartan in mice: Possible involvement of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic mechanisms.

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Activation of the brain angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) triggers pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory mechanisms which are involved in the neurobiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Candesartan (CDS) is an AT1 receptor antagonist with potential neuroprotective properties. Herein we investigated CDS

Taking the fuel out of the fire: evidence for the use of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar disorders.

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BACKGROUND Inflammation has emerged as a potentially important factor - and thus putative pharmacological target - in the pathology of bipolar disorders. However to date no systematic evaluations of the efficacy of add on anti-inflammatory treatment for the depressive and manic episodes have been

Anti-inflammatory treatments for mood disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Recent studies suggest that anti-inflammatory medication may play a role in the treatment of mood disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled

A new look at an old drug: neuroprotective effects and therapeutic potentials of lithium salts.

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Increasing evidence highlights bipolar disorder as being associated with impaired neurogenesis, cellular plasticity, and resiliency, as well as with cell atrophy or loss in specific brain regions. This has led most recent research to focus on the possible neuroprotective effects of medications, and

Potentiation of astroglial nitric oxide synthase type-2 expression by lithium chloride.

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The mechanisms underlying the antimanic effects of lithium are largely unknown but may involve long-term changes in brain gene expression. To determine if lithium could modify gene expression in astrocytes, the predominant cell type in brain, we tested the effects of LiCl on expression of nitric

Reconsidering Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder: A Translational Picture.

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Inflammation is an important mediator of pathophysiology in bipolar disorder. The omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolic pathways participate in several inflammatory processes and have been linked through epidemiologic and clinical studies to bipolar disorder and

Lithium - pharmacological and toxicological aspects: the current state of the art.

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Lithium is the smallest monovalent cation with many different biological effects. Although lithium is present in pharmacotherapy of psychiatric illnesses for decades, its precise mechanism of action is still not clarified. Today lithium represents first-line therapy for bipolar disorders (because it

PDE11A negatively regulates lithium responsivity.

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Lithium responsivity in patients with bipolar disorder has been genetically associated with Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A), and lithium decreases PDE11A mRNA in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hippocampal neurons originating from lithium-responsive patients. PDE11 is an enzyme uniquely

A phase 2a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, add-on clinical trial of ebselen (SPI-1005) as a novel treatment for mania or hypomania

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Rationale: Lithium is an effective prophylactic and anti-manic treatment in bipolar disorder; however, its use is declining through perceived poor tolerance and toxicity. Lithium inhibits inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), a probable key

Targeting the immune system in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

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Immune dysfunction has been strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). As such, numerous clinical trials have investigated the effects of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of BD.Review clinical studies evaluating the

Antidepressants inhibit interferon-gamma-induced microglial production of IL-6 and nitric oxide.

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Circumstantial evidence has suggested that activated microglia may be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. Pro-inflammatory cytokines may also be involved. Therefore, we examined the effects of various types of antidepressants, as well as the mood-stabilizer lithium chloride, on

Lamotrigine as a mood stabilizer: insights from the pre-clinical evidence.

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Lamotrigine (LTG) is a well-established anticonvulsant that is also approved for the prevention of mood relapses in bipolar disorder. However, the mechanisms underlying LTG mood stabilizing effects remain unclear. Areas covered: Herein, the pre-clinical evidence concerning LTG's' mode of action in

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