Glutathione, green tea, grape seed extract to neutralize tobacco free radicals

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention deals with the combination of various synergistic antioxidants, enzymatic co-factors and amino acids in appropriate delivery vehicles employed in cigarette filters and in external filters such as cigarette and cigar "holders," in "pipe filters" and in tobacco, wrappers and papers and in so-called smokeless tobacco as a means of preventing or ameliorating signs and symptoms and complications to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs from damage by tobacco smoke and tobacco chewed induced free radical species. The present invention can be employed in filter cigarettes, unfiltered cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco products.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The deleterious effects of tobacco abuse are well known and regulatory agencies as well as the public constantly react to these scientific and epidemiologic evidences. Tobacco is indeed a worldwide public health hazard accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Although smoking places an abundant oxidant insult to the oral cavity, respiratory tract and lungs, evidence supports the notion that the oxidant burden is on the entire organism of the smoker. Smoking promotes development or enhancement of atherosclerosis, causing cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recently labeled "smoker's lung," cutaneous damage, especially to the face, called "smoker's face," and various forms of cancer, including carcinomas of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and lung.

Tobacco is a substance consisting of the dried leaves and stems of the plant Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco contains the drug nicotine, which is very addictive. The plant is native to North America and now is grown worldwide. Tobacco abuse has been identified as the single most preventable cause of disease, morbidity and mortality, for tobacco smoke contains many toxic chemicals, in tar and gas phase smoke.

There are three principal ways to consume tobacco: 1) smoking, 2) chewing and dipping, and 3) snuffing. Fifty million Americans smoke, and countless others are affected by tobacco smoke, the so called secondary or environmental smokers. Children of smokers also breathe this second-hand smoke and have more respiratory problems than children of non-smokers. Smokeless tobacco is used by as many as 12 million individuals and has detrimental effects on the oral cavity plus systemic effects derived from buccal absorption of nicotine and other chemicals.

Cigarette smoke is divided into two phases, tar and gas-phase smoke. Cigarette tar contains high concentrations of free radicals. Common oxidants include semiquinone which is in equilibrium with hydroquinones and quinones, particularly in the viscous tar matrix. Many tar extracts and oxidants, including the latter mentioned, are water soluble and reduce oxygen to its superoxide radical which can dismutate to form H2O2. Importantly, glass-fiber type cigarette filters retain almost all of the tar particles that are larger than 0.1 micron. Thus, the filter acts as a trap for tars in cigarette smoke. There are an inordinately large number of free radicals, greater than 1015, in each puff in the gas-phase of cigarette smoke. While oxidants in tar are stable, those organic radicals in gas phase smoke are reactive carbon and oxygen centered radicals with extremely short half lives. Other free radical species, such as the aldehyde species have longer half-lives and may be more deleterious, resulting from lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, concentrations of free radicals from tobacco are maintained at high levels for more than 10 minutes and tend to increase as tobacco smoke is aged. It is thus considered that these gas phase smoke oxidants are in a steady state as they are both continuously formed and destroyed. The latter reactions are similar to those noted to occur in smog, pointing to the extra noxious stimuli to primary and secondary smokers in atmospheric polluted environments.

Various studies have correlated the importance of oxidant stress to various organs resulting from tobacco smoke and other noxious environmental factors and thus continue to exert a toll on the public health of all countries. Significant morbidity and mortality result from smoking tobacco from cigarettes, cigars, and pipes and local oral pathology from both smoking and chewing tobacco. Epidemiologic studies have strongly implicated tobacco in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, emphysema and various malignancies, including oro-pharyngeal and pulmonary neoplasias. Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with appearance of free radicals inducing oxidative damage. Measurement in blood, urine and tissues of various antioxidants or of by-products of free radical metabolic processes are supportive of tissue oxidant damage in the pathogenesis of various diseases associated with tobacco smoking and environmental pollutants.

Studies have estimated that tobacco smoke has over 3,000 different constituents, of which a number are toxic, some are carcinogenic and many generate free radical species. Most of these compounds have been identified in so-called mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke. The former is that volume of smoke drawn through the mouthpiece of the tobacco product during puffing while sidestream smoke is that smoke emitted from the smoldering cigarette in between puffs. Although tar and nicotine are retained in the filter of cigarettes, the present invention applies mainly to mainstream smoke, be it drawn through filtered and non-filtered cigarettes. It is noted that the emissions of toxic and carcinogenic components in sidestream smoke are not significantly reduced in filter cigarettes when compared to their non-filter counterparts. Thus, sidestream smoke is a major contributor to environmental smoke, affecting both the smoker and their non-smoking counterparts, so called secondary smokers. The lower rates of consumption of cigarettes with high smoke yields has not reduced the indoor pollutants of carcinogenic substances and free radicals generating potential of tobacco smoke produced in sidestream smoke, albeit their diminished levels in mainstream smoke by smoking low yield tobaccos and filtered cigarettes.

Leukoplakia, a tobacco induced white patch on the buccal mucosa, as found in smokers, is a localized irritation due to direct contact of smoked tobacco and it is directly related to the frequency and years of tobacco abuse. Although leukoplakia is a benign oral lesion, these have a malignant potential, requiring a biopsy of the lesion to rule out cancer. Leukoplakia may regress or resolve completely when use of tobacco products is discontinued.

Over 30,000 new cases of cancer of the oral cavity are diagnosed annually, accounting for two to four percent of all new cancers. Oral cancer kills 8,000 patients each year and only half of cases diagnosed annually have a five year survival. The great majority of these patients are users of tobacco products. Other risk factors include alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiencies and poor oral hygiene.

Tobacco contributes to other oral symptoms or pathologies of the mouth and teeth. Tobacco may cause halitosis, may numb the taste buds, interfere with the smell and the taste of food and may stain teeth and contribute to dental caries. For example, smokers have more dental tartar (calculus) than non-smokers. Tobacco is also associated with destructive periodontal (gum) disease and tooth loss. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis ("trench mouth") is a destructive, painful inflammatory condition occurring mainly in cigarette smokers. Swelling of the nasal and sinus membranes have also been associated, purportedly, in individuals who are "allergic" to tobacco smoke.

Tobacco, whether smoked as cigarettes, cigars or pipes causes common untoward effects in the oral cavity. Tobacco smoke has two chances to exert its deleterious effects in the mouth--when it is inhaled by the smoker and on its exit during exhalation.

Like cigarettes, evidence shows that cigars are also toxic and addictive. Cigar and cigarette smokers have a similar increased risk for oral and laryngeal cancers but the latter smokers are more prone to contract cancer of the lung, emphysema and cardiovascular disease. While cigarette tobacco is generally flue cured with a resulting mildly acidic product, the slower curing methods for cigars render these mildly alkaline. At this pH, nicotine is more readily absorbed. Unlike cigarettes, cigars are less homogenous and vary in size and nicotine content. Cigar smokers may spend an hour smoking a single large "Havana" although some actively inhale very little of this smoke; however, in non-inhalers, their nicotine levels may be elevated with no toxic co-absorption, as occurs in cigarette smokers. Cigar smokers also commonly hold an unlit cigar in the mouth, exposing the oral cavity to further nicotine by local absorption. Thus, consumption of cigars may produce an equal or greater smoke burden of exposure and locally generated free radicals in the oral cavity which create deleterious effects and a risk of oro-pharyngeal cancer.

Carcinoma of the lung and chronic lung disease have been known to be end stage complications of cigarette abuse. Nicotine tars contain carcinogens and smoking also induces a free radical reaction in the respiratory tract, both putative to the oro-pharyngeal and pulmonary diseases and neoplasias induced by tobacco abuse. Cigarette filters "trap" nicotine tars but not the gas-phase compounds. Epidemiologic studies have been done in various countries to show the differential effects of tar content, amount of cigarettes smoked, type of tobacco smoked, and use of filters on oro-pharyngeal and lung cancer risk in cigarette smokers.

Under the epithelial lining along the respiratory airways there is a rich network of micro vessels which carry systemic blood from the nasal and tracheobronchial arteries. These vessels provide nutrition to the mucosa to enable it to maintain the protective functions. This first line of defense initially is non-injurious and reversible, but overwhelming or chronic and persistent stimuli, as tobacco smoke and other environmental pollutants, may cause pulmonary damage from the oxidative damage of the leucocytes, other free radicals and noxious agents.

In other in vitro studies, gas-phase cigarette smoke was assessed in its filtered and whole (unfiltered) states for oxidative effects on human plasma. Investigators noted the prevalence of lipid peroxidation in plasma after exposure to gas phase smoke, but not to whole cigarette smoke. The reaction of lipid peroxidation did not commence until the endogenous ascorbic acid had been consumed, that is, vitamin C was oxidized completely. They also noted that cigarette smoke exposure caused oxidation of plasma protein thiols (methionine and cysteine amino acid linkages) and low density lipo-proteins. They concluded that lipid peroxidation induced by the oxidants of gas-phase smoke leads to changes in lipoproteins associated with atherogenesis. As noted herein, the synergistic effect of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid or ascorbic acid derivatives such as their esters, are beneficial in combating tobacco oxidants and in both ameliorating and delaying the effects of tobacco smoke on oral, pharyngeal and respiratory epithelia, on bronchoalveolar fluids and on lung parenchyma.

Cells subjected to oxidative stress may severely affect cellular function and cause damage to membrane lipids, to proteins, to cytoskeletal structures and to DNA. Free radical damage to DNA has been measured as formation of single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations. Cells exposed to ionizing radiation and cigarette smoke have also been demonstrated to have an increased intracellular DNA damage, hence the frequency of oro-pharyngeal, esophageal, and pulmonary carcinomas in tobacco users.

The lungs have adapted biochemical enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems as prevention, limitation or reversal of oxidant damage to the lungs. This is a protective feature to maintain normal pulmonary function, as the respiratory tissues operate in an environment of high partial pressure of oxygen and are continuously exposed to airborne pollutants. Because of their access to the environment, like the skin to oxygen and ultraviolet radiation, the lungs may be damaged by inhaled gaseous and particulate matter, particularly in both active and passive smokers.

Reactive oxidizing species, as induced by inhaled tobacco, smoke, ozone smog and others are important factors in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory lung injury. As in other tissues, antioxidant enzymes in the lung include superoxide dismutase (SOD), which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and catalase which reduces hydrogen peroxide to water. This reaction may also be catalyzed by the selenium cofactor enzyme glutathione peroxidase using reduced glutathione (GSH) as a substrate. Glutathione peroxidase may also reduce lipid peroxide to the corresponding alcohols also using reduced glutathione.

The ubiquitous non-enzymatic thiol tripeptide, glutathione (GSH), plays a vital function in maintaining the integrity of the reactive oxygen species-free radical sensitive cellular components. This is accomplished through its direct role as an antioxidant, in its reduced (GSH) form, as well as a cofactor, as aforementioned. GSH has been detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In cells, GSH is oxidized in this process to GSSG, but its cellular concentrations for antioxidant activity is maintained in equilibrium by the enzyme glutathione reductase, consuming NADPH as the source of reducing equivalents. Under states of GSH depletion, including malnutrition and severe oxidative stress, as in smoking, cells may become injured and die.

The solid phase (tar) of tobacco contains high concentrations of stable free radicals. These have been identified as semiquinones which acre in equilibrium with quinones and hydroxyquinones. These free radicals are capable then of reducing molecular oxygen to form the toxic free radical called superoxide. Superoxide, upon dismutation, can form the injurious molecule hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The typical Cambridge glass-fiber filter is able to withhold over 99% of particles greater than 0.1 um, but this filter does not trap superoxide or H2O2, which are thus inhaled by the smoker. However, gas-phase smoke contains over 1015 organic radicals per each puff. In contrast to stable free radicals, these have a half-life of 1 second yet are capable of maintaining their high levels of activity in the gas phase smoke for over 10 minutes. This smoke also results in the creation of the H2O2 through the smoke's production of the toxic hydroxyl radical. The above-referenced co-pending application recognizes that the enzyme superoxide dismutase reduces the toxicity of the hydroxyl radical by the dismutation reaction to make the relatively less toxic H2O2. However, to reduce H2O2 and other peroxide molecules, the enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase are required. The former, catalase, reduces H2O2 to water and O2.

Hydrogen peroxide, like other tobacco generated free radicals, have been implicated in the etiology of oro-pharyngeal malignancy and pulmonary neoplasms, in smokers. H2O2 reacts with the DNA in cells and causes breaks in the double strand which lead to mutations, precursors of malignant cells.

Cigarette smoke also contains aldehydes which are capable of altering protein function by increasing the rate of catabolism. Aldehydes also cause oxidation of the thiol groups of the plasma proteins, thereby oxidizing particularly the low density lipoproteins (LDLs) which transport the "bad" cholesterol. High serum cholesteral levels and/or rapid oxidation of LDLs in plasma are the initial putative steps in the development of atherosclerosis. This is the hallmark lesion that results in coronary heart, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases. The aldehydes cause these alterations in proteins by their carbonyl group reacting with the thiols and NH2 moieties of the plasma proteins.

It has now been determined that there is a synergistic relationship between glutathione and particularly GSH and green tea, on the one hand, and grape seed extract on the other. This relationship, although enhanced by the inclusion of a source of seleniun, such as selenoamino acid, is effective enough as a means of reducing reactive oxidizing species induced by tobacco consumption that the inclusion of other cofactors are optional.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention involves the inclusion of an antioxidant defense system within a filter to be used with tobacco products or within tobacco or within a wrapper for such tobacco products or as applied to smokeless tobacco. The present application utilizes synergistic antioxidants delivered, for example, in tobacco filters such as those for cigarettes or external filters to prevent and ameliorate free radical damage induced by smoking to the oro-pharynx, respiratory tract and lungs. The composition is supplied by inhalation through various state of the art filters. The invention in its broadest terms comprises glutathione plus either green tea and/or grape seed extract. The composition also may incorporate glutathione in its reduced form and a co-ingredient for regenerating the reduced form of the glutathione, the co-ingredient comprising selenium as a selenoamino acid such as selenomethionine or selenocysteine. As further optional ingredients, it is contemplated that the composition may include ascorbic acid and/or one of its derivatives, a sulfur containing amino acid such as L-cysteine, L-taurine and/or L-methionine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The lungs are very susceptible to damage caused by inhaled noxious agents rendering a response to this injury by respiratory epithelial cells and pulmonary vascular endothelium. Bacteria, fungi and viruses may also induce pulmonary infections. All of the aforementioned evoke respiratory tissue free radical reactions and antioxidant-inflammatory responses.

Experimental studies have revealed that extracts of smokeless tobacco on human oral keratinocyte cells cause oxidative stress as lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Pretreatment of the cultured cells with vitamins C and E, alone and in combination, and with a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract reduced the oxidant response, the latter antioxidant showing better protection from damage by the smokeless tobacco extract. (Bagchi, M. et al, Free Radical Biol Med 1999; 26: 992-1000). Earlier in vitro studies using chemiluminescence assays and cytocherome c reduction showed that grape seed extract is capable of inhibiting superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. (Bagchi, D et al. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997; 95: 179-189).

Experimental studies using mouse skin have revealed that epigallocatechin gallate is the ingredient in Japanese green tea that exhibits cancer chemopreventive effects. (Fujiki, H. et al., Prevent Med. 1992; 21: 503-509) Other studies using known skin carcinogens have likewise confirmed that the polyphenolic fractions isolated from green tea possess anticarcinogenic effects and anti-inflammatory properties versus chemical tumor promoters and also to ultraviolet radiation. (Mukhtar, H. et al J Invest Dermatol. 1994; 102: 3-7.) Administration of green teas to rats in their drinking water has also blocked tumorigenesis reducing the development of lung cancer in these rodents. (Chung, F L. Proc Soc Biol Exp Med. 1999; 220: 244-248.) McCook, J P and collaborators taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,486, dated Apr. 26, 1994, that cosmetic preparations containing green tea and sunscreen compounds were effective in partially blocking, the harmful effects to human skin elicited by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. More recently J. A. Green teaches in U.S. Pat. No. 6,036,946, dated Mar. 14, 2000, that the topical application of green tea with other dermal antioxidants a beta glucans that protect epidermal cell viability are able to protect the skin from damaging effects of solar radiation.

Clinically, the effects of consumption of green tea on cancer and other free radical diseases has been reported in both epidemiologic and clinical studies. Klaunig and co-workers evaluated the effect of green tea consumption in China and in the US on oxidative stress in both smokers and non-smokers. They measured oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and free radical generation. They found that these biomarkers demonstrated a decrease in oxidative stress and increase in antioxidant defenses in the smokers, albeit some improvement was also noted in the non-smokers. (Klaunig, J E et al. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999; 220: 249-254.) Benzie and co-workers showed that consumption of green tea causes in humans a rapid use in plasma antioxidant activity. They showed that green tea was poorly but rapidly absorbed with a peak increase of 4% in 40 minutes. Concomitantly, there was a rapid excretion, with urinary phenolic antioxidants peaking at 60-90 minutes. Despite these physiologic absorptions, green tea increases antioxidant defenses and lowers oxidative damage even to DNA, auguring well for a putative lower risk of developing free radical related malignancies. (Benzie, I. F. et al, Nutr Cancer 1999; 34: 83-87.) Further, Green tea and its most potent antioxidant component, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been studied for tumor prevention. Chung in his U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,568, dated Feb. 21, 1995 disclosed the use of 2% green tea or EGCG in the inhibition of pulmonary tumorogenesis. Either the extract or the pure EGCG are administered in pharmacologically active doses to a mammal in their drinking water.

Smoking is associated with many diseases, as stated, resulting in part from the creation of reactive oxygen species, which are also considered carcinogens. In vitro studies showed that tobacco smoke caused changes in mitochondrial function at 3 hours and programmed cell death (apoptosis) at 16 hours. Glutathione through its precursor, N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine too, applied to the test media reduced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. The researchers conclude that the cell's mitochondria is the target organelle for tobacco induced free radical damage. (Banzet, N. et al, Redox Rep 1999; 4: 229-236).

Chemical Intro:

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitously present in foods at plant origin. Flavonoids include the catechins of the black and green teas and the anthongandiding of grape extracts. These have beneficial effects on human health because of their antioxidant properties and their inhibitory role in various stages of tumor development. The intestinal absorption of these flavonoids is dependent on the sugar moiety, usually a beta-glycoside to which these flavonoids are bound. Total antioxidant status in human blood is increased even after consumption of one cup of black or green tea, particularly catechin in teas is epigallocatechin gallate which readily scavenges the superoxide and the hydroxyl free radicals. Other studies in human volunteers have also shown that the unthouganidins of grape seed extract increase the total antioxidant status in their blood without an effect are circulating levels of vitamins C and E.

Experimentally, extracts of smokeless tobacco have been shown to cause damage to human oral keratinocytes. This oxidative damage was shown by noting increases in lipid peroxidation and in DNA fragmentation in these cells following exposure. Cytochrome C was also reduced. The cytotoxic effects of the smokeless tobacco extract were markedly reduced when their exposure to the tobacco was followed by treatment with grape seed extract and vitamins C & E, alone and in combination. The researchers demonstrated a better protective effect from the grape seed extract than the other antioxidants.

Fractionation of aqueous cigarette tar extracts contain tar radicals that cause damage to DNA. By special analysis, these tar extracts have been identified as catechols and hydroquinones. Aqueous tar extracts that cause damage to DNA produce the reactive oxygen intermediates including superoxide, H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals. The enzyme catalase inhibits some of this damage, indicating that H2O2 is the precursor of the hydroxyl radical emanating from tar extracts, responsible at least in part for cigarette smoke's damage to DNA and thereby etiologic of malignancy. See Pryor, et al, Chem Reseach in Toxicology 11:441. 1998.

Other non-enzymatic molecules playing an antioxidant role in the lung include the ascorbates (vitamin C); particularly in the extracellular defenses of the lung, as teleologically, it is present in high concentrations in the pulmonary airway lining fluid. Ascorbates as free radical scavengers also react with oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduce it to GSH. Also, in the lipid membrane of the cells, the hydrophobic alpha-tocopherols (vitamin E), act synergistically with vitamin C to inhibit lipid peroxidation, as may be induced by cigarette smoke, by actively scavenging lipid peroxides and other free radicals.

Experimental studies on mouse liver and brain substrates have shown beneficial effects of grape seed prounthocyanidins. These grape antioxidants inhibited the lipid peroxidation created by ultra violet radiation. In other in vitro studies, grape seed proanthocyonidin extracts pre-exposure of seven days allenuated damage to liver cells from acetaminophen (Tylenol), a known liver toxin which depletes the organ of glutathione, the liver's protective detoxificant and antioxidant to many drugs. Also, anthoryanins have been shown to reduce damage to DNA provoked by hydrogen peroxide in human colon cells. In addition, to chemoprotective properties of the proanthocyanidins, these however have also been shown to have cytotoxic properties toward some cultured cancer cells; including those from breast, lung and stomach malignancies.

The antioxidant activities of proanthocyanidins in their role as cardioprotectors has been investigated in rodents pretreated with these grape extracts. Proanthocyanidin fed animals were resistant to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. This property was related to their ability to scavenge specifically the peroxyl.

Epidemiologic studies suggest that the consumption of red wine reduces morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease. This has been known as the "French Paradox" and augurs well for red wine in the Mediterranean chief attributes. Cardioprotection has been related to the high content of antioxidants in grapes.

Grapes contain a variety of antioxidants most notably proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, catechins and epicatechins, the latter two also present in green teas. Resverabrol, studied for its antimutagenic properties, exists mainly in grape skin while the proanthocyanidins are located in grape seeds. Studies by Das and co-workers at the University of Connecticut have shown that red wine extracts as well as separately resveratrol and proanthocyanidins are all potent antioxidants and are cardioprotective in experimental animal studies. (Drugs Exp Clin Res 1999; 25: 115-120)

Glutathione and grape seed extracts, including their proanthocyanidins exhibit synergistic properties. Together, as an example, they are more effective in their redox cycling effects for they are able to inactivate photochemical stimulation from different ultraviolet radiation regions, 200 to 320 nm by grape seed extracts. Together they impede development of free radicals including reactive oxygen species and singlet oxygen, synergistically they provide protection for all enzymes involved in antioxidant metabolism and repair. Glutathione is vital in regenerating vitamin C (ascorbic acid) from its free radical form, the semidihydroascorbate, back to its reduced and antioxidant form, ascorbic acid. Both regenerate vitamin E from its free radical form, tocophecy I, to its reduced and antioxidant form tocopherol as the active vitamin E. The grape seed extracts are thus able to react with vets glutathione and vitamins C and E in redox cycling, combating free radicals. This is the synergistic value of glutathione and grape seed extracts in scavenging free radicals that emanate from tobacco smoke, as in this patent application.

Glutathione and grape seed extracts also function together since they possess chelatinglinkage effects to neutralize and eliminate toxic heavy metals. These metals exist in tobacco and their inhalation over time may be toxic to the smoker. Metals also may induce free radical species which cause oxidant damage to tissues, lipid membranes and circulating proteins as the low density lipoproteins which transport the "bad" cholesterol of the metals in tobacco smoke, only selenium, in high quantity in many tobaccos, with its antiocarcinogic properties, is "beneficial" to smokers. Indeed, countries whose soil is high in selenium, and thus the tobacco leaf contains higher selenium amounts than tobaccos from countries with low soil selenium levels, have lower prevalence of cancer of the lung. Thus selenium, in the form of a selenoamino acid, which functions synergistically, op cit, with glutathione is an optional ingredient antioxidant to their complex of glutathione and the grape seed extract antioxidants of this invention.

Grape seed extracts have been shown to have cell protective abilities (protect against cytotoxicity) and help protect against known carcinogeni aldehydes, such as the hexanals, pentanals butanals and others. They do this function through their ability to prevent their formation by lipid peroxidation chain reactions. They also with glutathione detoxify the acetyl aldehyde that is released during the metabolism of alcohol (ethanol). Combined use of glutathione and grape extracts results from their synergy in redox recycling. When reduced glutathione scavenges or neutralizes a free radical to a less toxic or non-toxic molecule, it then becomes "oxidized", most often to the glutathione disulfide anion radical (G--S--S--G). The cellular enzyme glutathione reductase can reduce this G--S--S--G to reduced glutathione, but as antioxidants the grape extract anthocyanidins may also detoxify the G--S--S--G as it does to other sulfur thiyl radicals G--S and glutathione peroxysulphenyl radicals. Equally important in the synergy between glutathione and the grape extracts is that the latter help prevent the occurrence of these glutathione oxidized molecules and of free radicals from themselves being developed. In this manner too, more reduced glutathione is available to exert its known antioxidant, detoxificant and preventative properties. In the filter of the cigarette and in other tobacco products the synergy is apparent not only for both antioxidants to scavenge tobacco gas phase free radical species but also to have the grape extracts protect reduced glutathione from developing sulfur radicals and oxidized glutathione.

The compositions of the present invention can be incorporated in various smoking products. Examples include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. No. 3,667,478, dated Jun. 6, 1972, which is herein incorporated by reference and which discloses a filtered cigarette incorporating a stabilized form of an aqueous emulsion of an active vitamin A preparation. This patent teaches that the method provides stability over the length of time before the cigarette is smoked. As taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,558, the cigarette can contain, in front of the filter, a rupturable capsule with a specified amount of Vitamin A as a method of introducing this vitamin into the mouth and respiratory tract of the smoker. Prior to lighting up, pressure is applied to the putative capsule, so that the released active materials are dispersed within the filter, thereby the Vitamin A is accessible to the cigarette smoke passing through. The '478 patent further teaches that stabilized Vitamin A may also be dispersed, impregnated in the tobacco or provided throughout in droplets or beadlets through the employment of gelatin or other colloidal materials, so that the stabilized Vitamin A can be easily entrained by the smoke passing through the filtering elements. Thus, dispersed and random distribution of the small liquid droplets or tiny particulate matter of the Vitamin A preparation is located throughout the tobacco proper or throughout the filtering medium of a filter cigarette. The Vitamin A is surrounded and protected in a method akin to micro-encapsulation.

Irimi and coworkers taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,672, dated Oct. 29, 1991, which is herein incorporated by reference, a highly efficient tobacco smoke filter. They disclosed a composition with mechanical and/or adsorptive filtering materials including a compound being chemically reactive with aldehydes that are not filtered out of the smoke. One such component contains an enediol structure. The '672 patent points out that the synergistic compositions eliminate the excited formaldehyde radical from the tobacco smoke.

It has been noted that tar in smoke may be reduced by using low tar tobaccos and cigarette filters. Other efforts have been directed to reducing toxic and harmful substances in the tobacco itself or by adding these modifications of filters or by adding chemicals to the filters. Caseley taught a method to further reduce aldehydes in tobacco by using non-toxic salts of w-mercapto-alkalene-sulphonates, as well as cysteine and acetylcysteine in U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,947, dated Aug. 6, 1985, which is herein incorporated by reference. These compositions were to be added to cigarette filters or cigarette holders comprising a filter for the purposes of reducing toxic tobacco substances in situ, while smoking cigarettes.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,335, dated Aug. 3, 1976, which is herein incorporated by reference, Tiggelbeck and Mannes disclose a cigarette filter comprising menthol or other smoke-flavoring agents. They taught the use of impregnating a granular activated carbon with a pore modifying agent, like sucrose, and thereby improve the shelf life and delivery of the smoke flavoring agent. Part of the activated carbon is available for adsorption of menthol or other flavors.

In U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,002, dated Dec. 5, 1995, which is herein incorporated by reference, a cigarette filter is taught for administering taurine by inhalation. The patent discloses three methods or devices to administer amino acid to smokers. The disclosure involves a cigarette filter which comprises a filtration material for filtering the smoke from burning tobacco and various means for incorporating taurine therein so that it is introduced into the smoke as it passes through the filter while the cigarette is puffed. Taurine by inhalation has been shown to have preventive and beneficial effects to afflictions of the respiratory tract, including an important mucolytic property. The latter is similar to the action of cysteine, as taught by Puracelli, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,222, dated Mar. 20, 1990, also incorporated by reference herein.

A number of investigators have taught further cigarette filtering systems to aid in retention of tobacco smoke tars, nicotine and other toxic chemicals. Choen and Luzio in U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,239 dated Apr. 23, 1991, which is herein incorporated by reference, demonstrated a process for improving selective filter retention and pass through properties of cigarette filter elements. They used a polyethylene imine buffered with organic acids such as formic, propionic, lactic, etc. to a pH range of about 8 to 9.5. In this fashion there was retention of aldehyde and nicotine and by-products by the filter from cigarette smoke.

Brown and co-workers in U.S. Pat. No. 5,249,588, dated Oct. 5, 1993, which is incorporated herein by reference, developed a smoking article which comprised tobacco treated with a high level humectant of 4% to 15% by weight. This smoking article comprised a tobacco rod whereby the rod included cut expanded tobacco and a paper wrapper, with the tobacco having been loaded with the humectant. Von Borstel and Craig also teach a cigarette filter with a humectant in U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,238 dated Mar. 26, 1996, which also is herein incorporated by reference. They disclose sodium pyroglutamate as a humectant plus a surfactant such as an ethoxylate in order to absorb moisture from the tobacco smoke to promote its wet filtration. They also disclose that antioxidants and anti-carcinogenic agents that serve to filter or inactivate the toxic component of smoke may be added. The '238 patent discloses three types of filters to effectively remove tar from smoke: a) conventional cellulose acetate filter, b) cellulose acetate with sodium pyroglutate and c) a commercial wet filtration system.

Lee and Harris disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,426 dated Oct. 23, 1993, which is herein incorporated by reference, both tobacco smoke filters and processes for their production.

Applicant's parent applications deal with the synergistic combination of glutathione and a source of selenium. By contrast, the present application contemplates the incorporation of the synergistic combination of glutathione with either green tea and/or grape seed extract in a tobacco product. The antioxidant complex may be incorporated in the internal filters of cigarettes or in external filters, such as those incorporated in cigarette holders. The antioxidant complex can be placed within the tobacco itself in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and smokeless tobacco or in cigarette papers and cigar leafs.

Without being bound by any theories, it is noted that studies have shown that aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke contain stable oxidants, produced by the interaction of oxygen intermediates and hydrogen peroxide of the gas phase smoke with components of the tar phase during the burning of the tobacco. These oxidants are capable of oxidizing plasma proteins and cause further protein degradation by proteolytic damage from the enzymes present in mitochondria.

As taught in applicant's parent applications, reduced glutathione is employed in protecting cells against oxidative stress by itself being oxidized. Thus, L-glutathione acts in combination with other enzyme systems in order to be reduced so that it may renew its role as a free radical scavenger. GSH functions also coordinately with the enzyme glutathione peroxidase which requires selenium as a cofactor to exert its biologic antioxidant function. Selenium compounds have been shown to scavenge oxygen-centered radicals in vivo with reduced glutathione through glutathione peroxidase. It is believed that selenium-GSH peroxidase catalyzes toxic hydrogen peroxidase in the presence of reduced glutathione. This reaction reduces glutathione to oxidized glutathione GSSG. In turn, the GSSG is reduced back to GSH by the enzyme glutathione reductase thereby maintaining abundant cellular GSH to scavenge free radicals anew. The preferred version of this invention also takes advantage of this mechanism.

Further, glutathione and selenium act synergistically in vivo as they are both constituents of the same enzymatic system. GSH serves as a specific donor substrate while selenium, provided from alimentary sources or locally from topically applied preparations of selenium, or selenoaminio acids, provides the prosthetic group of GSH peroxidase. The glutathione and selenium antioxidant functions are intrinsically related since by keeping a peroxidase in action, the GSH and selenium, contribute to the removal of the dismutation product of free oxygen radicals, namely, hydrogen peroxide. Herein lies the synergy between glutathione and the enzymes catalase & superoxide dismutase. In a broad sense, GSH and selenium modulate free radical chains initiated or sustained by hydroperoxides. Selenium is used in the present invention for its role as an antioxidant as well as its anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic properties.

It has now been determined that glutathione can prove to be an effective antioxidant remediating the harmful free radical induced disease species resulting from tobacco consumption by combining glutathione with green tea and/or grape seed extract. Optionally, this complex can include the reduced form of glutathione and a selenoamino acid as its cofactor.

The aforementioned compositions may be particularly useful in the prevention and treatment of tobacco smoke or other gaseous or particulate matter exposure. They represent a delicate balance of ingredients which serve not only to reduce the number of free radicals but also to inhibit metabolic oxidation in tissues. The more preferred formulations in accordance with the present invention also enhance the performance of the composition by recycling certain antioxidant ingredients in the formulation after these are absorbed.

In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the synergistic antioxidant complex is a dispersion of active materials throughout the filtering medium of a tobacco filter, although, as noted previously, the complex can also be incorporated in the tobacco itself or in the paper wrapper. The antioxidant complex would be dispersed in the filter as a powder, as a stable solution, or as an aqueous emulsion, which may include the micro-encapsulation of these actives, such as in liposomes. The actives may also be in tiny droplets so that when the smoke produced by the burning tobacco passes through the filter, the smoke will pick up or entrain the powdered complex or the tiny droplets containing the putative antioxidant ingredients. Thus the smoke with the actives is inhaled by the smoker as the smoke enters the oral cavity and then inhaled into the respiratory tract and lungs of the individual. The antioxidants will then be able to neutralize and scavenge the free radicals both in the tobacco smoke itself and those generated by the deleterious tobacco smoke in the oral cavity and respiratory tract, and thereby the complex will exert its beneficial effects locally in the mucosa and tissues of the smoker.

As noted above as an alternative in both filtered and unfiltered cigarettes, it is contemplated that the present antioxidant complex be dispersed throughout the tobacco charge of the product. Although these active ingredients can be localized near the distal end of the filter tip or the proximal opening of the unfiltered tobacco product, the antioxidant complex may also be uniformly and evenly distributed throughout the entire product. Thus, particularly by employing micro-encapsulation techniques such as oral liposomes, these active ingredients may be administered in the filtering medium of a filtered cigarette and within the tobacco charge of these, or of non-filtered cigarettes and cigars and in smokeless tobacco.

In order to protect the active ingredients of this invention, various encapsulating or chemically protective techniques are available such as are well known in the art. The actives may be incorporated in micro-encapsulation vehicles such as liposomes, glycospheres and nonospheres. Such vehicles for oral use are well known to the cosmeceutical industry. Liposomes are lecithin spheres that form an oil protective membrane around the active ingredient compositions of this invention. The liposome entrapped active ingredients travel from the tobacco product and are delivered to the oral cavity where locally they exert both their preventative and therapeutic functions to neutralize the various free radical species. In addition, the antioxidants may also be absorbed as usual by the buccal mucosa for systemic use. It is noted that Unger and co-workers have taught therapeutic drug delivery systems comprising gas filled liposomes which encapsulate the active preparation in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,573 dated Dec. 3, 1996 which is herein incorporated by reference. Earlier, Chakrabarti disclosed preparations comprising a lipid and a modified peptide using liposomes as delivery vehicles. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,531 dated Jan. 10, 1995 which is also herein incorporated by reference. Knight and co-workers in U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,388 dated Sep. 17, 1991 which is also herein incorporated by reference, discloses small particle aqueous aerosol droplets containing liposomes. The patentees taught the inclusion of a drug or medication interacted within the liposome membrane so that when the latter ruptures the active ingredient is not lost from the liposome. The inventors teach various method of preparation of the aerosol particles containing liposomes.

Liposome particles as contemplated herein have a diameter of less than five microns and can easily be prepared in uniform size with the active ingredients for dispersion in the filtering material of a cigarette filter or in a rupturable aqueous capsule which contains the liposome encapsulating the antioxidants. In each case, the active composition in the liposomes would be inhaled by the smoker with each puff, thereby neutralizing free radicals in the oro-pharynx and respiratory tract and lungs generated by the tobacco smoke.

Alternatives to placing the antioxidants of this invention in the filter, tobacco or in encapsulations in front of the filter is to affix these in a treated cigarette paper. This would reduce particularly the free radicals in the sidestream smoke which are particularly injurious to those exposed to secondary smoke as well as to the primary smoker in both main stream and side stream smoke. Chad and coworkers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,242, dated Jul. 30, 1996, which is herein incorporated by reference, a method for reducing side-stream smoke by incorporating additives in the cigarette smoke. Their paper includes an alginate as a film forming agent in combination with a burn additives in the form of alkali metal salts such as potassium succinate, citrate or acetate to form a coating that will reduce sidestream smoke. The synergistic group of antioxidants of this invention may be incorporated in the cigarette paper to not only reduce sidestream smoke, but also to neutralize free radicals in inhaled tobacco smoke. The paper so treated will not produce an off-taste, modify ash appearance, or reduce the cigarette's puff count. The filter, may as well contain powdered antioxidant complex to be inhaled by the smoker and may or may not contain a menthol flavor, as is known in the art.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the active ingredients comprise a group of synergistic antioxidants employed in the following dosages in the filter of each cigarette. It must be recognized that to express the amount per pack of cigarettes, each value will be multiplied by 20, the usual numbers of cigarettes sold in one pack, with 10 packs in one carton. The ranges of each ingredient are expressed whether each is dispersed in the filtering material of each cigarette, as a powder or a gel or encapsulated in beads or admixed with a super absorber such as any acrylamide co-polymer or as polyvinyl alcohol engrafted with maleic anhydride. In the latter case, the actives are first solubilized in glycerin and then mixed with the superabsorber in proportions ranging from at least 1 to 1,000 parts of actives to at least 1 to 10,000 parts of the super-absorber depending on its capacity to hold an aqueous glycerin based active complex.

In another preferred embodiment of this invention, the active synergistic anti-oxidants are first micro-encapsulated in such protective phospholipid vehicles as oral liposomes or by other state of the art micro-encapsulation techniques, as already noted and which are well known in this industry for protection of oral drugs, vitamins, amino acids and peptides.

The active ingredients are as follows: 1. Glutathione, and preferably L-glutathione in an amount between at least 0.01 mg. to 20 mg., preferably from 0.10 to 10 mg, most preferably from 11.0 mg to 5.0 mg per cigarette. 2. Green Tea in amounts of from 0.1 to 100 mgs; and/or 3. Grape Seed Extract in amounts of from 0.1 to 100 mgs.

Optional Ingredients L-selenomethionine or I-selenocysteine at a concentration to yield at least 0.01 mcgm to 10 mcgm of selenium, preferably 1.0 to 2.5 mcg selenium per cigarette. L-cysteine and/or its ester, n-acetyl-l-cysteine in a range of 0.1 mg to 10.0 mgs., preferably from 0.5 mg to 5.0 mgm and most preferably from 1.0 mgs to 2.5 mgm, per cigarette. Vitamin C as ascorbic acid or as an ascorbyl palmitate or other ascorbic acid esters alone or microencapsulated such as in liposomes from 0.1 mg to 60.0 mg, preferably from 0.5 mg to 30.0 mgm, most preferably from 1.0 mgm to 3.0 mgm per cigarette.

In each instance, the above noted level of ingredients are based upon a single cigarette filter whether contained within the filter as being absorbed upon the filter material or as a rupturable capsule or as a separate stand alone filter for use with cigars, pipes and unfiltered cigarettes. When used in cigars or as additives to pipe tobacco, the gross amounts of the above-noted ingredients can be adjusted in proportion to the amount of tobacco as compared to the amount of tobacco contained in the typical cigarette.

Other optional ingredients can be used in the tobacco or in the filter which may include those ingredients which are known to bind, or chemically alter noxious molecules, such as aldehydes found in tobacco smoke. The putative anti-oxidants of this invention are used to neutralize the free radicals found in tobacco as well as those generated by tobacco smoke in the oral cavity, as the antioxidants are inhaled from the filter in the smoke with each puff.

Experimental Data

The effects of gas phase cigarette smoke were tested on the viability of cells in culture. A smoking device was used to allow smoke from a single cigarette to be bubbled through cell culture media of fetal fibroblasts; the smoke containing media was then placed on confluent cell lines. The plates with cells were incubated at 37.degree. C. The survival of the fibroblasts was monitored for 48 hours following instillation of Alamar Blue Dye which determines cell viability as ability of "living mitochondria" to oxidize the dye. The tests were all repeated placing a 0.5% glutathione/0.1% selenium antioxidant complex in a cell culture media prior to the introduction of the gas phase cigarette smoke from one cigarette into the experimental. Tests were done similarly using solutions of either 10% grape seed extract in water or 10% green tea extract in water. Cell viability was calculated as the mean 24 hour sample reading divided by the mean 24 hour positive control reading multiplied by 100.

Results: Cell viability of the fetal fibroblasts from gas phase cigarette smoke averaged 38%, while cell viability from the grape seed extract averaged 48%. The glutathione/selenium antioxidant complex averaged 78% and the combination of the glutathione/selenium complex plus the grape seed extract enhanced cell viability of the fibroblast line to an average of 95%.

As noted, tobacco gas phase smoke resulted in significant cell death. This effect is accentuated in the senescent cell lines compared with the younger cell lines, including the WI-38 fetal cells. The free radical scavengers reduced gas phase free radical species and significantly reduced acute cell mortality in all the cell lines of the various ages that were studied. Addition of the antioxidant enzymes to the free radical scavengers complex based on glutathione further reduced or even eliminated cell death from the treated tobacco gas phase smoke. The addition of the full complex in the filter of the cigarette shows there is marked protection to cytotoxicity to cell lives in culture media following gas phase cigarette smoke exposure.