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Renal transplantation is the standard treatment for patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease, as it is effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality of patients in this condition. Despite satisfactory results, some patients have graft dysfunction and difficult-to-control hypertension, with
Hemodialysis (HD) is the most worldwide prescribed renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease. This treatment that relies heavily on technology has undergone major modifications in the last five decades in order to improve patients' outcomes. Those changes that aimed at
1. Background:
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a matter of global public health. Data from United States of America (USA) has shown a steady increase in the number of patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT). The census of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (SBN) showed 65,121 patients on
Hemodialysis is a well-established method for removal of fluid and uremic toxins and prolonging survival in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The most common permanent vascular assesses are autogenous and non-autogenous arteriovenous (AV) fistula, referred as AV fistula and AV graft,