Oral Hygiene

Frail Elderly

Nursing Homes

Chlorhexidine

Application of a daily dose of 12 sprays (each delivering a volume of 0.13ml) to the buccal and lingual gingival third of tooth surfaces in each sextant

Oral spray (chlorhexidine spray, chlorine dioxide spray, sterile water spray)

Effectiveness of a Chlorine Dioxide Spray on Dental Plaque and Respiratory Pathogens in Institutionalized Elders

A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effect of a Chlorine Dioxide Spray on Dental Plaque and Respiratory Pathogens in Institutionalized Elders

Change in dental plaque (Silness and Löe Plaque Index) from baseline to 3 months and 6 months

Change in gingival bleeding (Silness and Löe Gingival Bleeding Index) from baseline to 3 months, and 6 months

Change in OHIP (Oral health impact profile) scores from baseline, to 3 months, and 6 months

Supragingival calculus, extrinsic staining

Change in S. aureus (cfu/ml), from baseline to 3 months, and 6 months

Change in aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli (cfu/ml), from baseline to 3 months, and 6 months

Change in Streptococcus pneumoniae (cfu/ml), from baseline to 3 months, and 6 months

Change in Haemophilus influenza (cfu/ml), from baseline to 3 months, and 6 months

Change in Moraxella catarrhalis (cfu/ml) from baseline to 3 months, and 6 months

Dr. Otto Lok-Tao Lam

Clinical assistant professor

The University of Hong Kong

Group 1: Oral spray (chlorhexidine) Group 2: Oral spray (chlorine dioxide) Group 3: Oral spray (water)

In continuous ultrasonic irrigation group, Proultra PiezoFlow (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa,OK) was used for the activation of the irrigating solution according to manufacturer's recommendations.

In the syringe irrigation group, irrigation was done using 27 gauge syringe.

Periapical Periodontitis

Proultra PiezoFlow (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties)

Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Success of Primary Endodontic Treatment

Change in Periapical Index (PAI) scores (Orstavik et al) observed at 12-months was noted. Scoring of each tooth was done according to the following five point scale (PAI):
PAI Score Description of radiographic findings
Normal periapical structures
Small changes in bone structure
Changes in bone structure with some mineral loss
Periodontitis with well-defined radiolucent area
Severe periodontitis with exacerbating features

Visual analog scale (0-100mm) was used to evaluate pain levels. At the end of first appointment, all the patients were instructed to record the level of pain at 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, and 6 days on the VAS pain score charts provided after the treatment.

chlorine/karijes

Effectiveness of a Chlorine Dioxide Spray on Dental Plaque and Respiratory Pathogens in Institutionalized Elders

Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Success of Primary Endodontic Treatment

HPPH and PDT for Pleural Malignancy

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