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The relative bioavailability of paracetamol after rectal administration of suppositories containing a mixture of paracetamol, codeine phosphate and buclizine hydrochloride in healthy volunteers.

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'New' and 'old' suppositories (6 months and 30 months since manufacture) containing 800 mg paracetamol, 16 mg codeine phosphate and 12.5 mg buclizine hydrochloride in an identical base were administered to 10 normal volunteers at an interval of 2 weeks. Blood samples were taken at intervals up to

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Codeine (CAS No. 76-57-3) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies).

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Codeine is used in a variety of pharmaceuticals including analgesics, sedatives, hypnotics, antiperistaltics, and antitussive agents. The National Cancer Institute and the Food and Drug Administration nominated codeine for study because it is a widely used drug and it is representative of the

Codeine in analgesic doses does not depress respiration in patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease.

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Nineteen normocapnic patients with chronic obstructive lung disease participated in an open single dose safety study (part one) followed by a randomized double-blind cross-over study comparing two seven-days treatment periods of 1 g of paracetamol t.i.d. with 60 mg of codeine plus 1 g of paracetamol

Testicular toxicity following chronic codeine administration is via oxidative DNA damage and up-regulation of NO/TNF-α and caspase 3 activities.

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Codeine, a 3-methylmorphine, and other related opioids have been implicated in androgen suppression, although the associated mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore, the objective of the current study was to elucidate the in vivo molecular mechanisms underlying

Morphine infusions after pediatric cranial surgery: a retrospective analysis of safety and efficacy.

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BACKGROUND Morphine infusions are avoided after cranial surgery in children due to concerns of masking neurological deterioration and because cranial surgery is considered less painful than other surgical procedures. Studies indicate that up to 60% of patients experience moderate to severe pain

Mashiningan Improves Opioid-Induced Constipation in Rats by Activating Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Chloride Channel.

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Opioid receptor stimulants are analgesics used in patients with and without cancer; however, they often cause constipation, resulting in poor adherence and deterioration of the quality of life. Hence, suitable treatments for constipation are required. In this study, we investigated the

Effectiveness and safety of intravenous nalmefene for emergency department patients with suspected narcotic overdose: a pilot study.

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nalmefene, an investigational narcotic antagonist that has potential advantages over naloxone because of its four- to eight-hour half-life, in emergency department patients with possible narcotic overdose. METHODS Multi-institutional, prospective,

Analgesic renal papillary necrosis.

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Analgesic nephropathy is well recognised. This is a retrospective review of 19 patients with the disease, who presented at Groote Schuur Hospital over a 4-year period. The diagnosis was made on historical and clinical grounds and on the radiological manifestations of papillary necrosis. The mean age

Moringa oleifera leaves extract modulates toxicity, sperms alterations, oxidative stress, and testicular damage induced by tramadol in male rats

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Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used for moderate-to-severe pain structurally related to codeine and morphine, where their analgesic mechanism is a result of opioid and non-opioid mechanisms. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaves extract (MLE) on

Studies on the nonspecific central nervous system effects of the novel antitussive compound vadocaine hydrochloride.

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Vadocaine hydrochloride (2',4'-dimethyl-6'-methoxy-3-(2-methylpiperidyl) propionanilide hydrochloride, OR K-242-HCl; INN: vadocaine) is a novel antitussive compound which is effective in several animal models at doses of 2.5-6 mg/kg. It has both central and peripheral local anaesthetizing

Head-column field-amplified sample stacking in presence of siphoning. Application to capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of opioids in urine.

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Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with head-column field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) in presence of a water plug inserted at the capillary tip is a robust approach providing a more than 1000-fold sensitivity enhancement when applied to low-conductivity samples that are analyzed in an integrated

Chronic cough due to chronic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

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BACKGROUND Chronic bronchitis is a disease of the bronchi that is manifested by cough and sputum expectoration occurring on most days for at least 3 months of the year and for at least 2 consecutive years when other respiratory or cardiac causes for the chronic productive cough are excluded. The

Tramadol exposure upregulated apoptosis, inflammation and autophagy in PC12 cells and rat's striatum: An in vitro- in vivo approach

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Aim and background: Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine, mostly prescribed for the alleviation of mild to moderate pains. It bears several side effects including emotional instability and anxiety. In this study, we focused on the

Bacterial morphinone reductase is related to Old Yellow Enzyme.

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Morphinone reductase, produced by Pseudomonas putida M10, catalyses the NADH-dependent saturation of the carbon-carbon double bond of morphinone and codeinone, and is believed to be involved in the metabolism of morphine and codeine. The structural gene encoding morphinone reductase, designated

Cancer related fatigue syndrome in neoplastic diseases.

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Fatigue is one of the most important factors which has a considerable influence on treatment and the life quality of oncological patients. The fatigue syndrome is often diagnosed during cancer treatment and this syndrome is not related to the physical effort. Cancer related fatigue is a patient's

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