Some kinds of drugs such as calcium (Ca(2+)) channel antagonists, antiepileptics and immunosuppressants cause gingival overgrowth as a side effect, the mechanism of which is still unclear. We have examined the effects of isradipine, one of the dihydropyridine-derivative Ca(2+) channel antagonists,
Costello syndrome (CS) is a RASopathy characterized by a wide range of cardiac, musculoskeletal, dermatological, and developmental abnormalities. The RASopathies are defined as a group of syndromes caused by activated Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Specifically, CS is caused