Heterosis designates the increased growth or other augmented action resulting from crossing, however it is produced. Male sterility of female parent is an important biological mechanism for the commercial production of hybrid seed. Male sterility can be created by genetic manipulation, environmental influences, chemical induction and biological engineering. In principle, male sterility is a physiological disorder and the creation of complete male sterility either is costly or brings about other physiological disorders. Integrating the resistance gene to a non-selective herbicide into male parent and spraying the herbicide onto the hybrid population resulting from mating with the male parent for securing hybrid purity reduce the strict demand for complete male sterility. Therefore, simple and practical methodologies such as environmental and chemical means can be employed in the induction of male sterility, and the conflict of male sterility with other physiological disorders can be well balanced. The concept of this invention is applicable to all the crops and plants in which male sterility has been studied for heterosis purposes including rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burm) Stspf et Hubb.], alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), petunia (Petunia hybrida Hort.), and carrot (Daucus carota L.).

Yan's Heterosis &amp; Herbicide, Inc.

Crop heterosis and herbicide

Substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiins of the formula ##SPC1##Display useful plant growth regulant effects including herbicidal effects. Examples are 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin, and 2,3-dihydro-5-(4-methyl-phenyl)-6-phenyl-1,4-oxathiin 4-oxide. The compounds are useful for the selective control of grasses and as dwarfing agents, as well as for inhibition of vegetative and reproductive axillary growth, and for increasing the sugar content of sugar producing species. A number of these are new compounds.This invention relates to a method of regulating the growth of plants and to plant growth regulant compositions useful in such method, as well as to chemical compounds useful in such compositions.Regulation of the growth of plants is frequently desirable for a number of reasons. For example, the control of weeds is of great economic importance. Weed competition inhibits the production of foliage, fruit or seed of agricultural crops. The presence of weeds may also reduce the quality of the harvested crop and reduce harvesting efficiency. Weed control is essential for maximum production of many agronomic and horticultural crops, including corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Weeds on non-cropped areas may cause a fire hazard, undesirable drifting of sand or snow, impaired beauty of the landscape and irritation to persons with allergies. The invention, in one aspect, is based on the discovery that certain substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiins are remarkably effective preemergence herbicides, especially for the selective control of grasses.Another form of regulation of plant growth that is of great economic importance involves non-herbicidal growth regulant effects. These include, by way of nonlimiting example, such effects as dwarfing, antitranspiration, inhibition of vegetative and reproductive axillary growth and increasing the sugar content of sugar producing species. In one important aspect the invention provides a highly effective method for producing such effects, employing certain substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiins.The substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiins employed to produce herbicidal and other plant growth regulating effects in accordance with the invention are those of the formula ##SPC2##Wherein the R's are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl (especially methyl and ethyl), halogen (e.g., chlorine, bromine, fluorine), lower alkoxy (e.g., methoxy), amino, lower alkylthio (e.g., methylthio), and lower acyloxy (e.g., acetyloxy), and n is zero, 1 or 2. The compound wherein all of the R's are hydrogen, and n is zero, namely, 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin, is known [Marshall and Stevenson, J. Chem. Soc. 2360 (1959)]; the other compounds are believed to be new.In a preferred class of compounds useful in the invention the R's have the following values:R.sub.1 = HR.sub.2 = H, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2 H.sub.5R.sub.3 = H, Cl, CH.sub.3R.sub.4 = H, Cl, CH.sub.3 ##EQU1##R.sub.6 = H, Cl, CH.sub.3R.sub.7 = H, Cl, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3R.sub.8 = H, Cl, Br, F, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2 H.sub.5, OCH.sub.3, NH.sub.2R.sub.9 = H, CH.sub.3R.sub.10 = H.Again, the members of this preferred class of compounds are new, except where all of the R's are hydrogen and n is zero (i.e., except for 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin).Of special interest are the compounds of the class described having substituents on one or both phenyls, or a substitutent on the dihydro portion of the 1,4-oxathiin ring, or a combination of both. Also of special note are such compounds with a para substituent on the 5-phenyl group.In one respect, the invention is concerned with chemicals of the kind described wherein n is 1 or 2, and use thereof in plant growth regulation.In another respect the invention is directed to chemicals of the above-stated formula in which at least one of the R's is other than hydrogen or lower alkyl, as well as plant growth regulant uses of such chemicals.The substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiins employed in the invention may be prepared by reacting a 2-mercaptoalkanol with an appropriately substituted 2-halo-2-phenylacetophenone in the presence of a base and cyclizing the resulting intermediate with water removal in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst. The preparation of the 2-halo-2-phenylacetophenones may be achieved using one of the following general procedures:a. Reaction of a substituted benzoin with thionyl chloride.b. Reaction of a substituted 2-phenylacetophenone with sulfuryl chloride.c. Reaction of a substituted 2-phenylacetophenone with bromine. The 2-phenylacetophenones may be prepared by the standard methods known in the literature, such as Friedel-Crafts acylation or Grignard condensation with the appropriate chemicals.The 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiin in which n is zero may be oxidized to the corresponding 4-oxide or 4,4-dioxide (n = 1 or 2) by controlled addition of one or two equivalants respectively of a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution to one equivalent of the oxathiin in glacial acetic acid.In one aspect, the invention contemplates application of any of the substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiin compounds described, in amount effective to regulate growth, to a locus at which such growth regulant effects as preemergence herbicidal effects, dwarfing, fruiting body inhibition, increasing sugar content, etc., are desired. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a plant growth regulant composition comprising a chemical compound as described herein, in amount effective to regulate the growth of plants, in admixture with a carrier therefor. It will be understood that the term plants as used herein includes plant parts such as foliage, roots, flowers and seeds.The amount of substituted 1,4-oxathiin employed follows conventional practice for herbicidal use or other plant growth regulant uses and the chemical is suitably applied as a formulation in accordance with conventional agricultural chemical practice.Thus, the chemical may be impregnated on finely-divided or granular inorganic or organic carriers such as attapulgite clay, sand, vermiculite, corn cobs, activated carbon or other granular carriers known to the art. The impregnated granules may then be spread on the soil. Furthermore, the chemical may be formulated, for example, as a wettable powder by grinding it into a fine powder and mixing it with an inactive powdered carrier to which a surface active dispersing agent has been added. Typical powdered solid carriers are the various mineral silicates, e.g., mica, talc, pyrophyllite, and clays. The wettable powder may then be dispersed in water and sprayed on the soil surface, or on crop plants. Similarly, an emulsifiable concentrate may be prepared by dissolving the chemical in a solvent such as benzene, toluene, or other aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon to which a surface active dispersing agent has been added. The emulsifiable concentrate may then be dispersed in water and applied by spraying. Suitable surface active agents are well known to those skilled in the art, and reference may be had to McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers, 1970, Allured Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., or Hoffman et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,614,916, cols. 2 to 4 and 2,547,724, cols. 3 and 4, for examples of appropriate surface active agents. The concentration of active chemical in the formulation may vary widely, e.g., from 1 to 95%. The concentration of active chemical in dispersions applied to the soil or foliage is almost invariably from 0.002% to 75%. The chemical is frequently applied at rates of 0.10 to 25 pounds per acre. For use as a preemergence herbicide, the chemical is applied to soil which contains weed and crop seed (either to the surface of the soil or incorporated into the upper one to three inches of soil). The chemicals may be employed individually, or as a mixture of two or more chemicals.The most suitable rate of application in any given case will depend on such factors as the particular response desired, soil type, soil pH, soil organic matter content, wind velocity, the quantity and intensity of rainfall before and after treatment, the air and soil temperature, light intensity and light duration per day. All of these factors can have an influence on the efficacy of the chemicals for a given plant growth control use.The herbicidal use may include selective weed control in crops such as soybeans, sugar beets, etc.Depending on crop, variety, dosage, time of application and certain cultural practices, growth regulating effects which are obtained include the following:a. dwarfingb. cessation of terminal growthc. inhibition of axillary and intercalary growthd. flowering inhibitione. fruiting body inhibitionf. twisting and epinastic responsesg. modification of root growthh. increasing sugar in sugar producing speciesi. antitranspiration to control water loss.The foregoing responses are general plant responses any one of which could contribute directly to yield increases. For example, a spray application may be made to tobacco after the flowers are removed to obtain excellent axillary growth control. It may be applied to cotton to facilitate a cut off spray or it may be applied on cotton early to retard the development of rank cotton. Chemicals described herein also may be used on ornamental plants. For example, a spray application may be made to chrysanthemums to obtain disbudding which, if done by hand, is very costly. It has been shown to increase the percent sugar in sugarcane. It can be postulated from the results on sugarcane that the chemicals may be preventing breakdown of sugars. The chemicals have also shown remarkable properties in inhibiting flower bud development on peaches. This is useful for preventing frost damage in marginal growth areas where late frosts are inevitable. Flower thinning may be accomplished also.Another plant growth regulant effect that the chemicals of the invention exhibit is that of antitranspiration. The chemicals control stomatal opening and hence prevent excessive water loss. Due to this response greater yields can be obtained with plants growing under stress.The following examples, in which all quantities are expressed by weight unless otherwise indicated, will serve to illustrate the practice of the invention in more detail. Examples 1-51 involve preparation of typical plant growth regulant chemicals of the invention, employing four different methods of preparation, identified by the letters A to D in TABLE I, as follows:A. Halogenation of the appropriate 2-phenylacetophenone followed by reaction with a 2-mercaptoalkanol and cyclization.B. Reaction of a purified 2-halo-2-phenylacetophenone with a 2-mercaptoalkanol followed by cyclization.C. Oxidation of the appropriate 1,4-oxathiin with one equivalent of oxidizing agent.D. Oxidation of the appropriate 1,4-oxathiin with two equivalents of oxidizing agent.The identity of each of the compounds in the working examples was established partly by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and partly by analytical data. The n.m.r. spectra of the compounds revealed the characteristic couplings due to the protons of the dihydro portion of the dihydro-1,4-oxathiin ring, thereby confirming the structure.In Examples 52-60 and TABLES II-IX the various substituted 1,4-oxathiins are identified by the Example numbers given in TABLE I.Preferred new chemicals of the invention are those selected from the group consisting of the chemicals of Examples 3, 4, 2, 20, 21, 22, 9, 10, 6, 12 and 16; especially preferred are the chemicals of Examples 3, 20 and 21.Plant growth regulant compositions of particular interest containing the present chemicals are those based on chemicals selected from the group consisting of 1, 3, 9, 12, 20, 21, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30 and 38, more preferably those based on chemicals 1, 3, 20, 21 and 12.For use in preemergence control of weeds the preferred chemicals are those of Examples 3, 20, 21, 30, 38, 10, 16, 18, 13, 24 and 43, more especially the chemicals of Examples 3, 21, 18, 10 and 13.Preferred plant growth retardant chemicals are those of Examples 1, 20, 29, 30, 38 and 9, more preferably Examples 1 and 20.For inhibition of axillary vegetative and reproductive growth, preferred chemicals are those of Examples 1, 3, 9, 12, 20, 21, 16, 17 and 18, more preferably 1, 3, 20, 21 and 12.

glycine/oryza sativa

Crop heterosis and herbicide

Substituted 2,3-dihydro-,4-oxathiin plant growth stunting agents

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