The MNP contains 400 µg Vitamin A, 5 µg Vitamin D, 5 mg Tocopherol Equivalent, 0.5 mg Thiamine, 0.5 mg Riboflavin, 0.5 mg Vitamin B6 , 90 µg Folic Acid, 6 mg Niacin, 0.9 µg Vitamin B12, 30 mg Vitamin C, 0.56 mg Copper, 90 µg Iodine, 17 µg Selenium, 4.1 mg Zinc, 190 Phytase-units, maltodextrin carrier (added up to 11g)

The MNP contains 400 µg Vitamin A, 5 µg Vitamin D, 5 mg Tocopherol Equivalent, 0.5 mg Thiamine, 0.5 mg Riboflavin, 0.5 mg Vitamin B6 , 90 µg Folic Acid, 6 mg Niacin, 0.9 µg Vitamin B12, 30 mg Vitamin C, 0.56 mg Copper, 90 µg Iodine, 17 µg Selenium, 4.1 mg Zinc, 190 Phytase-units, plus 2.5 mg Fe as ferrous fumarate and 2.5 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA, maltodextrin carrier (added up to 11g)

The MNP contains 400 µg Vitamin A, 5 µg Vitamin D, 5 mg Tocopherol Equivalent, 0.5 mg Thiamine, 0.5 mg Riboflavin, 0.5 mg Vitamin B6 , 90 µg Folic Acid, 6 mg Niacin, 0.9 µg Vitamin B12, 30 mg Vitamin C, 0.56 mg Copper, 90 µg Iodine, 17 µg Selenium, 4.1 mg Zinc, 190 Phytase-units, 2.5 mg Fe as ferrous fumarate and 2.5 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA plus 7.5 g of galactooligosaccharides given as 10.5 g GOS-75, maltodextrin carrier (added up to 11g)

Anemia

Iron Deficiency

Diarrhea

Malaria

Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI)

Antibiotics

Gut Inflammation

Prebiotics

Vaccine Response

Maize porridge will be home-fortified with either A) MNP, B) MNP+Fe, C) MNP+Fe+GOS

Fortified maize porridge

Kikoneni Health Center

Iron and Prebiotics Fortification in Kenyan Infants

In Home Iron Fortification in Kenyan Infants: Effect of Co-supplementation With Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on the Gut Microbiota Composition and the Effectiveness of Iron Supplementation

We will measure key commensal and pathogenic members of the fecal gut microbiota of the infants using qPCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. We will measure fecal calprotectin and serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein as markers of gut inflammation and enterocyte injury. The changes in these measurements during the intervention will be compared among the three groups.

We will assess serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin and hemoglobin to define the iron status. C-reactive protein to assess systemic inflammatory status. The changes in these measurements during the intervention will be compared among the three groups.

Anthropometric data (weight, height, age and sex) will be recorded using standardized procedures to calculate the prevalence of child stunting. Measurements will be conducted at the start of the intervention and after 4 months (end point). The data analysis software WHO Anthro (WHO, Geneva Switzerland) will be used to calculate the prevalence of stunting among this infant population. The changes in these measurements during the intervention will be compared among the three groups.

We will measure key commensal and pathogenic members of the fecal gut microbiota of the mothers using qPCR and pyrosequencing. We will measure fecal calprotectin and serum and fecal zonulin as markers of gut inflammation. The changes in these measurements during the intervention will be compared among the three groups of mothers, and correlations will be done to assess associations of the variables within the mother-child pairs.

We will measure key commensal and pathogenic members of the fecal gut microbiota of the infants using qPCR and pyrosequencing. We will measure fecal calprotectin and serum and fecal zonulin as markers of gut inflammation. The changes in these measurements during and after an oral antibiotic treatment will be assessed and compared between the three groups.

Morbidity data (fever, cough, diarrhea, bloody and mucous stool) will be assessed weekly with a questionnaire. The frequency of these morbidities during the intervention will be compared among the three groups.

Breast milk from n=90 mothers will be analyzed to quantify human milk oligosaccharides concentration.

We will measure key commensal and pathogenic members of the fecal gut microbiota of the infants using qPCR and pyrosequencing. We will measure fecal calprotectin and fecal zonulin as markers of gut inflammation. The changes in these measurements compared to endpoint will be assessed and compared between the three intervention groups

We will assess serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor and hemoglobin to define the iron status. Using C-reactive protein and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein we will assess inflammatory status. The changes in these measurements during the intervention will be compared among the three groups.

We will determine anti-measles serum IgG and IgG avidity to assess vaccine response

oligosaccharide a/febre

Iron and Prebiotics Fortification in Kenyan Infants

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