Aging is characterized by the accumulation of chronic and irreversible oxidative damage, chronic inflammation, and organ dysfunction. To attenuate these aging-related changes, various natural phytochemicals are often applied. Trans-communic acid (TCA), an active component of brown pine leaf extract,
Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely present in China, Japan, and Korea. Its green pine leaves have traditionally been used as a food as well as a coloring agent. After being shed, pine leaves change their color from green to brown within two years, and although the brown pine leaves are