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Carbonic anhydrase-9 (CA9), a transmembrane enzyme with an extracellular active site, is involved in the reversible metabolism of the carbon dioxide to carbonic acid. Up-regulation of CA by hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway has been recently postulated (Wykoff et al. Cancer
Effects of locus coeruleus (LC) stimulation on the impulse activity of bulbar respiration neurons in rats were studied on a background of varying hypoxia. Different levels of hypoxia were used as an experiment model for ensuing summation of the LC effect. At the normal atmospheric pressure, LC
Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) mediate complex adaptations to reduced oxygen supply, including neoangiogenesis. Regulation of HIF occurs mainly through oxygen-dependent destruction of its alpha subunit. In the presence of oxygen, two HIFalpha prolyl residues undergo enzymatic
In peripherally chemodenervated and vagotomized cats and rabbits, either spontaneously breathing or artificially ventilated, we studied the reaction of the respiratory control system to changes in the extracellular fluid (ECF) pH at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. The brainstem ECF-pH
BACKGROUND
Several human pathologies, including neoplasia and ischemic cardiovascular diseases, course with an unbalance between oxygen supply and demand (hypoxia). Cells within hypoxic regions respond with the induction of a specific genetic program, under the control of the Hypoxia Inducible
Inhospitable conditions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are a characteristic feature ('hallmark') of most solid malignancies. Regional tumor hypoxia is a primary deficiency since it plays a key role in malignant progression. Severe hypoxia is often associated with other detrimental
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane enzyme involved in the reversible metabolism of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and, hence, in physiological pH regulation. It also participates in cellular differentiation and proliferation, its expression being absent in most normal tissues. It has
OBJECTIVE
Carbonic anhydrases are proteins involved in the catalytic hydration of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid. Recent studies show that carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) is up-regulated by hypoxia and that its immunohistochemical tissue distribution follows the distribution of the radiosensitizer
A dependence is studied between changes in the HCO3- and CO2 levels, the content of pyruvate and lactate in blood and the manifestation of disturbances of external respiration in pregnant women suffering from the rheumatic and congenital heart disease. Changes in the carbonic acid level in the blood
The incidence of breast cancer is increasing year by year, and the pathogenesis is still unclear. Studies have shown that the high metabolism of solid tumours leads to an increase in hypoxia, glycolysis, production of lactic acid and carbonic acid, and extracellular acidification; a harsh
Carbon dioxide interacts both with reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species. In the presence of superoxide, NO reacts to form peroxynitrite that reacts with CO2 to give nitrosoperoxycarbonate. This compound rearranges to nitrocarbonate which is prone to further reactions. In an aqueous
Tumor cells are characterized by an increased rate of glucose consumption and glycolysis. This increased glucose consumption leads to tumor acidification, which represents a major obstacle for several therapeutic strategies. Tumor cells have adapted to this acidification by upregulation of several
1. Three preparations were used to study the actions of CO(2) on the pulmonary vasculature: isolated rat and cat lungs perfused at a constant flow rate with homologous blood and a lobe of cat lung perfused at a constant flow rate in vivo. In all three changes in pulmonary artery pressure (P(Pa))
The sign of a traumatically caused alveolar hyperventilation in severe cranio-cerebral injury is a respiratory alcalosis as well as hypoxia and hypoxemia in the arterial as well in the cerebral veneous blood. The combination of decreased oxygen tension or saturation and hypocapnia can exist for