Treatment of Hypoactive Delirium and Outcome Measures
Keywords
Abstract
Description
Background
Delirium is a cognitive disorder that affects attention and other mental functions. It has an acute onset (in hours or days), a fluctuating course and has various conditioning factors such as diseases or withdrawal or intoxication syndromes.
Delirium is a syndrome with multifactorial origin, it commonly presents in elderly patients, with a prevalence of 20%. Delirium develops when basal vulnerability interacts with precipitating factors.
Delirium has three types according to its psychomotor presentation, hyperactive (agitated), hypoactive (tranquil) or mixed. Delirium has serious outcomes, such as prolonged hospitalization (1), cognitive decline and dementia (2,3,4,), posttraumatic stress disorder (5) and a higher mortality (1).
A neurotransmitter imbalance between acetylcholine and dopamine explains delirium symptoms. A dopamine excess has various consequences: hallucinations that are present in 51 %, and delusions, present in up to 43% in hypoactive delirium. These symptoms produce acute stress in patients and caregivers. It is reported that 53.5% of patients recalled the episode of delirium and from these, 55% of them recalled it associated to hallucinations and 95% of them to delusions. Family recalled the event as stressful in 66%, nurses in 65% of those who did not have hallucinations and in 88% of those who had (6).
Hallucinations and delusions are risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, which occurs in up 22% of patients.
Dopamine increase has been associated to apoptosis for its neurotoxic effects. Inflammation has a role in delirium. A study demonstrated that cortisol, Interleukin 6 ( IL-6) and protein S100 calcium binding protein B (S 100β) are all associated with delirium (7).
It is important to note that antipsychotics may have a neuro-protective effect by blocking dopamine receptors, and, therefore, diminishing the potential negative outcomes associated with dopamine excess. Furthermore in an observational study using haloperidol in the intensive care unit there was a decrease in mortality, possibly by its effects on inflammation, inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines (8). One of the effects of haloperidol in vitro is the induction of interleukin receptor antagonist ( IL-IRA), which has shown to have an independent role in delirium. IL-IRA blocks the actions of Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and interleukin 1β (IL-Iβ) . IL-IRA also downregulates ischaemic and excitotoxic damage (9).
Treatment of Delirium
Psychiatrist, Geriatricians and Neurologists, usually, treat delirium; however treatment strategies vary widely among disciplines, due to differences in the practice guidelines and local applications of current knowledge among centers. An integration of their treatment approaches could offer important clinical advantages. To refer some differences, The American Psychiatric Association (APA) Guidelines (10) recommend treatment with antipsychotics for elderly patients. Where haloperidol is the gold standard, with a dose of 0.25 to 0.50 mg every 4 hours, although the dose may need to be increased for those patients severely agitated. There is no mention among all subtypes of delirium. This guideline recognizes the non-pharmacologic intervention as part of the treatment.
On the other hand, Geriatrics Guidelines for the treatment of delirium, mention that the treatment of delirium should be mainly based on non-pharmacologic treatment. Restricting the pharmacologic treatment for those patients with severe manifestations of agitation (11). The NICE Guidelines mention that pharmacologic treatment in hypoactive delirium patients is indicated during one week to those patients with distress due to hallucinations (12).
Authors have mentioned that non-pharmacologic measures have not been assessed in clinical trials, and that pharmacologic treatment has not been recommended at this time (13). Furthermore, others addressed that currently, treatment with antipsychotics are used where non-pharmacologic measures have failed to treat psychotic symptoms. Or when the safety of patients or others are compromised, and that clinical trials with antipsychotics are few (14).
As it was mentioned before, there is no standardized treatment of delirium among different disciplines. Therefore, it is still on debate to determine which the best strategy in treating delirium is.
As far as we know, there are no clinical trials adequately evaluating haloperidol as the cornerstone of management in hypoactive delirium. Nonetheless, those patients who were exposed to a higher dose of haloperidol improved significantly with this antipsychotic (15).
Therefore, it is not known whether hypoactive delirium (the most frequent and difficult to recognize) should be treated with haloperidol at lower doses. Or if haloperidol should be used only in mixed and hyperactive types of delirium. Though despite few studies that have included patients with hypoactive delirium suggest that antipsychotics may have a role in the treatment of this delirium subtype (16).
Statement of the Problem
Hypoactive delirium is a common condition in hospitalized elderly patients. It is the most common type of delirium that carries more difficulty in its diagnosis. It is associated to a longer hospital stay, increased expenses associated to its diagnosis and more doubts on the most efficacious treatment strategy.
Surprisingly, even when hypoactive delirium is the most frequent, it is the hyperactive type the paradigm of study, and it is the one specifically mentioned in treatment guidelines.
To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating specifically haloperidol in hypoactive delirium. Some studies have excluded this type of delirium systematically or include all delirium subtypes where hypoactive delirium is poorly represented/analyzed.
Significance of the Investigation
There are few clinical studies correctly designed, exempt of methodological flaws and evaluating the most important clinical outcomes in delirium patients in general. There are no randomized clinical trials (RCTs) testing low-dose haloperidol against non-pharmacologic measures in the treatment of hypoactive delirium. Just few studies have included patients with hypoactive delirium with varying results, contributing to the lack of uniform recommendations (16). Currently, its treatment is based on the particular experiences of each clinical center without measuring its impact on relevant outcomes.
Furthermore, there are no studies evaluating perceived stress in patients and their caregivers, as well as posttraumatic stress in hypoactive delirium patients. None has evaluated cognitive decline after a hypoactive delirium treated either with antipsychotics or non-pharmacologic measures.
The purpose of the present RCT is to bring out knowledge about different treatments in elderly patients with hypoactive delirium.
Dates
| Last Verified: | 12/31/2015 |
| First Submitted: | 11/06/2014 |
| Estimated Enrollment Submitted: | 01/18/2015 |
| First Posted: | 01/25/2015 |
| Last Update Submitted: | 04/19/2017 |
| Last Update Posted: | 04/20/2017 |
| Actual Study Start Date: | 12/31/2015 |
| Estimated Primary Completion Date: | 02/28/2018 |
| Estimated Study Completion Date: | 11/30/2018 |
Condition or disease
Intervention/treatment
Drug: Haloperidol and non-pharmacologic
Other: Placebo and non-pharmacologic
Other: non-pharmacologic measures
Phase
Arm Groups
| Arm | Intervention/treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Haloperidol and non-pharmacologic Haloperidol 1.25mg PO q. d. during nine days
Non-pharmacologic measures:
A. Reorientation (i.e., calendar, clocks, familiar objects) B. Glasses and hearing devices for the particular patients needing such aids C. Avoidance of physical restraints D. Limitation of excessive personnel shifts or hospital room E. A tranquil and comfortable environment, especially at night, to avoid interruptions (i.e., dim light, low levels of noise) F. Adequate schedules for medication administration and to take vital signs or medical procedures G. Sleep hygiene (light in the room and movement during the day) H. Avoidance of dehydration I. Avoidance of medications use which are associated with delirium (e.g., psychoactive medications) | Drug: Haloperidol and non-pharmacologic haloperidol 1.25 mg P.O q.d |
| Active Comparator: Placebo and non-pharmacologic Placebo 1.25 mg PO q.d during nine days.
Non-pharmacologic measures:
A. Reorientation (i.e., calendar, clocks, familiar objects) B. Glasses and hearing devices for the particular patients needing such aids C. Avoidance of physical restraints D. Limitation of excessive personnel shifts or hospital room E. A tranquil and comfortable environment, especially at night, to avoid interruptions (i.e., dim light, low levels of noise) F. Adequate schedules for medication administration and to take vital signs or medical procedures G. Sleep hygiene (light in the room and movement during the day) H. Avoidance of dehydration I. Avoidance of medications use which are associated with delirium (e.g., psychoactive medications) | Other: Placebo and non-pharmacologic placebo 1.25 mg P.O q.d |
Eligibility Criteria
| Ages Eligible for Study | 70 Years To 70 Years |
| Sexes Eligible for Study | All |
| Accepts Healthy Volunteers | Yes |
| Criteria | Inclusion Criteria: - Patients who fulfill criteria for delirium according to CAM and DOSS - Patients in hospitalization who are not receiving treatment for delirium - Patients without treatment with antipsychotics for any other reason - Patients whose legally proxy accepts to participate Exclusion Criteria: - Patients who have received pharmacologic treatment for delirium - Patients with a corrected QT interval prolongation - Patients who receive antipsychotics for any other reason - Patients in another age group - Patients whose legally proxy does not accept to participate - Patients with dementia - Patients with Parkinson disease - Patients with arrythmias - Patients with language or hearing disorders that impede communication - Patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit - Patients who are receiving benzodiazepines and anticholinergics - Patients with dopamine agonists or antagonists - Patients who develop a severe neurologic disease |
Outcome
Primary Outcome Measures
1. Change in delirium severity [Participants will be followed at an expected average of nine days]
Secondary Outcome Measures
1. Necessity of additional open label haloperidol doses to control delirium symptoms [Participants will be followed at an expected average of nine days]
2. Delirium duration [Participants will be followed at an expected average of nine days]
3. Perceived stress [At 24 hours after delirium remission]
4. Posttraumatic stress disorder [At 6 months after delirium remission]
5. Cognitive impairment as assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) <24 points [At 6 months after delirium remission]
6. Cerebral blood flow as assessed by transcranial Doppler [At baseline and after 24 h of delirium remission]
7. Side effects associated with either intervention [Participants will be followed at an expected average of nine days]
