A Study of Tolerability and Efficacy of Cannabidiol on Tremor in Parkinson's Disease
Keywords
Abstract
Description
Persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) have progressive disabling tremor, slowness, stiffness, balance impairment, cognitive deficits, psychiatric symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, fatigue and insomnia. Tremor may interfere with necessary daily and work functions. The disorder affects approximately seven million people globally. The total economic cost in the US is around 23 billion dollars. In addition to economic costs, PD reduces quality of life of those affected and their caregivers.
Cognitive impairment is a common feature and ranges from delayed recall in early stages to global dementia in up to 80% at end stage. PD with dementia has been associated with reduced quality of life, shortened survival, and increased caregiver distress.
Depression, anxiety and psychosis are also common and are particularly disabling in PD, even at the earliest stages. These symptoms have important consequences for quality of life and daily functioning, are associated with increased carer burden and risk for nursing home admission. Anxiety affects up to 40% of patients with PD, and may predate motor symptoms by several years. The most common anxiety disorders in PD are panic attacks (often during off-periods), generalized anxiety disorder, and simple and social phobias. Psychotic symptoms vary in frequency according to the definition used. If mild forms are included, these affect up to 50% of patients. Visual hallucinations are the most common type. However, hallucinations occur in all sensory domains and delusions of various types are also relatively common. The impact of psychosis is substantial in that it is associated with dementia, depression, earlier mortality, greater caregiver strain, and nursing home placement.
Current therapies are inadequate. Medications have improved the prognosis of PD, but also have problematic adverse effects. Since treatment of PD is often unsatisfactory and since marijuana has recently become legal and readily available in Colorado, persons with PD have been trying it. Patients have heard from the internet, support groups and other sources that marijuana is helpful. Most are doing so on their own, without the supervision or even knowledge of their neurologist. In a survey conducted in the spring of 2014 in University of Colorado Movement Disorders Center (UCMDC) clinic about 5% of 207 PD patients, average age 69, reported using marijuana. In the same clinic, about 30% of the PD patients have asked doctors during their visits over the past 6 months about marijuana. In another study Katerina Venderova and colleagues reported that 25% of PD patients had taken cannabis in the General University Hospital in Prague.
PD mostly affects the elderly, and with the cognitive, psychiatric and motor problems, subjects are prone to falls. Cannabis is well documented to cause psychosis, slowness, and incoordination. Studies have also shown that chronic users have structural and functional CNS alterations. Thus cannabis is expected to be risky in persons with PD. Further, there are many components of cannabis, and the cannabis preparations being sold in Colorado vary widely in composition. There are no definitive data regarding the benefits and risks of these various preparations in PD. Studies on safety and efficacy are greatly needed to protect this fragile Colorado population.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid that is present to a lesser extent in street marijuana, and limits delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)'s psychoactive effect. CBD acts in some experimental models as an anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti-oxidant, anti-emetic, anxiolytic and antipsychotic agent, and therefore has potential beneficial medical uses. Further, animal studies suggest that CBD is neuroprotective, perhaps due to reported anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions.
Human trials report that CBD decreases anxiety and causes sedation in healthy individuals, decreases psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and PD, and improves motor and non-motor symptoms and alleviates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD. The ratio of THC to CBD plays a role in the preparation's therapeutic outcome: strains of cannabis with higher concentrations of CBD did not produce short-term memory impairment vs. strains with higher concentrations of THC and lower concentrations of CBD.
Many clinicians who suspect cannabis may have a positive effective upon a particular patient group have no idea of the cannabinoid profile that is being used. Without knowing the composition, it is impossible to draw any conclusions simply because of the huge variety of strains utilised.
Given the current literature regarding CBD: possible neuroprotective effect, good tolerability, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects and general lack of be well tolerated in PD, including its effect on tremor, the investigators hypothesize that CBD would be well tolerated and would reduce tremor, anxiety and psychosis, and would stabilize cognitive decline in PD. First the investigators will perform an open label study to determine a reasonable dose, and then a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oral CBD on tremor and other important aspects of PD. A strength of the study is that it uses well defined form or CBD.
Stage 1: Open Label Dose Escalation Tolerability Study
Primary Specific Aim: To confirm that the dosage regimen of CBD, in the form of GWP42003-P recommended by the study drug manufacturer is safe and tolerated in 10 subjects with PD. GWP42003-P is started at 5 mg/kg/day and is increased by 5 mg/kg at 3 day intervals to a target dose of 25 mg/kg/day.
Secondary Specific Aim: To examine the effect of CBD on severity & duration of tremor and other conditions that are problematic in PD.
The dose escalation tolerability study will be conducted in 10 subjects (the investigators will be recruiting up to 15 subjects to end up with 10) as an open label study lasting approximately 3 weeks followed by a 2-week safety follow up. Subjects are closely monitored as the dose is titrated. Subjects will have a screening visit, a baseline visit within the next three weeks, a visit when subjects are on 20 mg/kg/day, a final assessment visit when subjects have been on the maximal tolerated or the targeted dose for 10-15 days, and a safety visit 2 weeks later. The subject is to be on the maximal tolerated or targeted dose for 10-15 days. Subjects will be called on the 3rd day of each dose. During phone calls subjects are monitored for adverse events, especially excessive daytime sleepiness, symptoms of hepatotoxicity, as well as changes in medical history and concomitant medications. Subjects are also called 3 days after stopping the study drug to check for signs of withdrawal.
Dates
Last Verified: | 12/31/2018 |
First Submitted: | 05/05/2016 |
Estimated Enrollment Submitted: | 06/26/2016 |
First Posted: | 06/29/2016 |
Last Update Submitted: | 01/29/2019 |
Last Update Posted: | 02/18/2019 |
Date of first submitted results: | 10/22/2018 |
Date of first submitted QC results: | 01/29/2019 |
Date of first posted results: | 02/18/2019 |
Actual Study Start Date: | 09/30/2016 |
Estimated Primary Completion Date: | 10/31/2017 |
Estimated Study Completion Date: | 10/31/2017 |
Condition or disease
Intervention/treatment
Drug: cannabidiol
Phase
Arm Groups
Arm | Intervention/treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: cannabidiol GWP42003-P oral solution, is purified cannabidiol (purity of ≥98%, 100 mg/ml cannabidiol in sesame oil with anhydrous ethanol with added sweetener (sucralose) and strawberry flavoring).
Started at 5 mg/kg/day and is increased by 2.5-5 mg/kg at 3-5 day intervals to a target dose of 20 mg/kg/day. | Drug: cannabidiol Purified CBD, is a strawberry flavored liquid, in sesame oil, provided as 100 mg/ml, extracted from high CBD plant material.
A component of cannabis that has evidence suggesting it is relatively safe and perhaps neuroprotective, reduces tremor, anxiety and psychosis and is well tolerated in PD. Besides limiting the psychoactive effect of THC, studies support that CBD has anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti-oxidant, anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. |
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study | 40 Years To 40 Years |
Sexes Eligible for Study | All |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers | Yes |
Criteria | Stage 1: Inclusion criteria: - Male or female subjects between 45 and 78 years of age inclusive. - Willing and able to give informed consent. - Idiopathic PD, per UK Parkinson's Disease Society (UKPDS) Brain Bank Clinical Diagnostic Criteria - Rest tremor amplitude score of ≥2 in any limb on question 3.17 of the MDS-UPDRS (ON state). - Anti-parkinsonian medication is fixed for at least 1 month prior to study entry - If MoCA<22 subject must have a legally authorized representative (LAR) sign the consent, and must have a designated caregiver that agrees to ensure study protocols followed. This includes accompanying patient to study visits and being available for study phone calls. - Must have a driver to drive them to and from study visits - Has a significant other (someone who knows the subject well) that is appropriate for doing the NPI assessment, can accompany patient to study visits, and agrees to do so - Agrees to not take more than 1 gram per day of acetaminophen, due to a possible interaction with study drug that could increase risk of hepatotoxicity. Exclusion criteria: - Known or suspected allergy to cannabinoids or excipients used in the study drug formulation. - Cannabinoids taken currently or in the previous 30 days. - History of drug or alcohol dependence; defined by prior inpatient stay(s) for this or that patient stats s/he has a history of this. - Use of dopamine blockers within 180 days and amphetamine, cocaine, and MAO-A inhibitors within 90 days of baseline. - Currently taking tolcapone, valproic acid, felbamate, niacin, isoniazid and ketoconazole due to risk of liver injury and clobazam and ketoconazole because of risk of toxic interactions with the study drug. These medications need to be stopped 90 days before the baseline visit. - Unstable medical condition. - Any of the following laboratory test results at screening: |
Outcome
Primary Outcome Measures
1. Severity of Participants Reporting Study-related Adverse Events at Each Dose Level [Every 3rd day on each dose level, assessed up to 5 weeks]
2. Number of Participants Had Changes in Orthostatic Blood Pressure [Baseline and 5 weeks]
3. Number of Participants Had Changes in Physical Exam [Baseline and 5 weeks]
4. Number of Participants Had Changes in EKG [Baseline and 5 weeks]
5. Number of Participants Had Changes in Laboratory Values [Baseline and 5 weeks]
6. Proportion of Subjects That Drop Out of the Study Due to Study Drug Intolerance [Baseline and 5 weeks]
7. Change in Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale Total Score [Baseline and 5 weeks]
8. Change in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) [Baseline and 5 weeks]
9. Change in Anxiety Short Form [Baseline and 5 weeks]
10. Change in Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) [Baseline and 5 weeks]
11. Change in Depression Short Form [Baseline and 5 weeks]
12. Change in Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease (SCOPA)-Sleep-night Time Sleep [Baseline and 5 weeks]
13. Change From Baseline of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) [Baseline and 5 weeks]
14. Change in Emotional and Behavioral Dyscontrol Short Form [Baseline and 5 weeks]
15. Change in Pain Severity Form [Baseline and 5 weeks]
16. Change in Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS) [Baseline and 5 weeks]
17. Change in Fatigue Severity Scale [Baseline and 5 weeks]
18. Change in International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale for Restless [Baseline and 5 weeks]
19. Change in Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS) [Baseline and 5 weeks]
Secondary Outcome Measures
1. Change in MDS-UPDRS Tremor Score (Total of Items 3.17 and 3.18) in the ON State [Baseline and 5 weeks]