Cost-Effectiveness of Rotator Cuff Repair Methods
Keywords
Abstract
Description
Introduction:
Musculoskeletal injuries are a major cost to the healthcare system. In 2004, 30% of the North American population had some kind of musculoskeletal disorder that required medical treatment; between 2002 and 2004, the estimated cost of treating these changes was $ 510 billion. Shoulder diseases represent the third most common cause of these changes, behind only spinal and knee disorders.
An evaluation of the primary health care system in Cambridge, United Kingdom, showed that the average frequency of shoulder pain was 9.5 per 1,000 individuals. Of these, 86% had rotator cuff tendinopathy. North American data estimate that approximately 4.5 million patients annually seek medical attention due to shoulder pain; of these, two million have some symptoms related to the rotator cuff. About 250,000 rotator cuff repair surgeries are performed annually in the United States of America (US), and with the continued increase in life expectancy and aging, there is a tendency to increase this number.
The rotator cuff is composed of the tendons of the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. The long portion of the biceps tendon also contributes to cuff function, which is to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid cavity, preventing superior migration of the humeral head.
The possible lesions range from tendon degeneration (tendinosis/tendinopathy), through partial lesions (articular, interstitial or bursal), to complete lesions. Diagnosis is made by associating history and physical examination along with imaging methods, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the method of choice.
Currently, the indication for surgical treatment is based on the persistence of symptoms and/or the degree of muscle weakness and/or size of the lesion, after a time of conservative treatment. In general, when opting for surgery, imaging can assist in the planning of surgical treatment, since it allows measuring the extent of the lesion (partial or total) and discriminating which tendons are involved (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, etc.).
Treatment of rotator cuff diseases depends on the type of injury, the patient's degree of activity, age, and the presence of symptoms. In general, tendon degeneration and partial lesions are treated non-surgically, with physiotherapy, infiltrations and analgesic medications. Complete and incomplete lesions that did not respond well to conservative treatment, however, should be treated surgically. Among the surgical options, the open method is still considered the gold standard, with good or excellent results in over 90% of cases. With the advent of arthroscopy and the evolution of arthroscopic instruments and implants in the last decade, the arthroscopic repair technique has gained space and is widely used in the investigator's country. Several studies abroad did not demonstrate superiority of one technique over another in terms of clinical outcomes. As the cost of arthroscopic surgery is higher, due to the equipment needed to perform it, it is important to establish which option has the best cost-effectiveness.
Some studies abroad even suggest the superiority of the open method over the arthroscopic method. However, there are no studies comparing cost-effectiveness between open and arthroscopic methods in Brazil. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the open and arthroscopic methods for rotator cuff repair and determine which presents the best cost-effectiveness ratio.
Hypothesis:
The hypothesis of this study is that the open method of rotator cuff repair will be more cost-effective compared to the arthroscopic method.
Justification:
In a systematic literature search, it was observed that there are no studies in the Brazilian literature comparing the cost-effectiveness of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair methods. Data from the international literature suggest that the open repair method is more cost-effective than the arthroscopic method (same clinical outcome and lower cost).
Thus, despite the high incidence of rotator cuff injury, there is insufficient evidence from the Brazilian experience to determine the best method for treating these injuries. So, this project proposes to conduct a study to answer the clinical question of which method, open or arthroscopic, has the best cost-effectiveness in the surgical treatment of rotator cuff injury. According to the levels of scientific evidence, the most appropriate study design to answer this clinical question is a randomized clinical trial.
Study Goal:
The present study aims to compare the open and arthroscopic methods for rotator cuff repair and determine which presents the best cost-effectiveness ratio.
Dates
| Last Verified: | 06/30/2020 |
| First Submitted: | 10/13/2019 |
| Estimated Enrollment Submitted: | 10/28/2019 |
| First Posted: | 10/30/2019 |
| Last Update Submitted: | 07/27/2020 |
| Last Update Posted: | 07/28/2020 |
| Actual Study Start Date: | 07/31/2020 |
| Estimated Primary Completion Date: | 10/31/2022 |
| Estimated Study Completion Date: | 11/30/2022 |
Condition or disease
Intervention/treatment
Procedure: Rotator cuff repair surgery
Phase
Arm Groups
| Arm | Intervention/treatment |
|---|---|
| Active Comparator: Open rotator cuff repair Patients will be positioned in a beach chair position with the affected limb pending off the table, allowing manipulation and full range of motion range. After asepsis, antisepsis and placement of sterile surgical fields, anterolateral incision will be made in the shoulder in question; the deltoid muscle belly will be gently divided along its fibers until exposure of the subdeltoid / subacromial bursa, which will be partially excised for exposure of the subacromial space and rotator cuff tendons. After mobilization and release of the ruptured tendons and debridement of the rotator cuff footprint, the tendon repair to the bone will be performed using 5.5m metal anchors, according to the preference and technique chosen by the surgeon. In all cases, the release of the coracoacromial ligament and acromioplasty will be performed. | |
| Active Comparator: Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair The patients will be positioned in lateral decubitus position, with the arm to be operated attached to a skin traction device, which trough a traction post and 07 kg, will maintain the shoulder in the following position: abduction of 30 to 60 and flexion of 20 to 30 degrees. After asepsis, antisepsis and placement of impermeable sterile surgical fields, a posterolateral incision will be made in the shoulder for optic introduction, with a 50 mmHg pressure pump and a 0.90 flow, and inspection of the GU joint. After joint inspection, the optic will be introduced into the subacromial space with detachment of the subacromial and subdeltoid. Using shaver blades, partial bursectomy will be performed as well as debridement of the rotator cuff footprint. The tendon will then be reinserted to the bone using metallic 5.5mm anchors. After tendon repair, the coracoacromomial ligament will be released, as well as acromioplasty. |
Eligibility Criteria
| Ages Eligible for Study | 18 Years To 18 Years |
| Sexes Eligible for Study | All |
| Accepts Healthy Volunteers | Yes |
| Criteria | Inclusion Criteria: - Patients with complete rotator cuff injury, symptomatic, where there was failure or the patient could not support the non-surgical treatment; - Patients with high-grade partial rotator cuff injury where therapy failed or the patient did not support non-surgical treatment; - Patients without medical contraindications for surgery; - Patients with a good understanding of the Portuguese language and who agree to participate and sign the Informed Consent Form. Exclusion Criteria: - Patients under 18 years old - Patients with previous shoulder surgery; - Patients with limited range of motion of the shoulder (joint stiffness); - Patients with previous fractures in the affected shoulder; - Patients with signs of glenohumeral osteoarthritis; - Patients with neurological injury; - Patients who opt not to participate and/or are not willing to sign the informed consent form; - Patients unable to complete the follow-up evaluation (inability to read or complete the forms). |
Outcome
Primary Outcome Measures
1. Constant-Murley Score (CM) [Measured continuously for 48 weeks after the intervention]
2. EuroQol-5D-3L (European Quality of Life) [Measured continuously for 48 weeks after the intervention]
Secondary Outcome Measures
1. Simple Shoulder Test (SST) [Measured continuously for 48 weeks after the intervention]
2. Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS) [Measured continuously for 48 weeks after the intervention]
