Factors Correlated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children and Adolescents
Keywords
Abstract
Description
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a severe condition among sleep respiratory disorders, characterized by intermittent episodes of partial (hypopnea) or total (apnea) obstruction of the upper airways during sleep. These obstructive episodes result in hypoxemia and hypercapnia, changes in intrathoracic pressure and sleep arousals, consequently leading sleep fragmentation and a non-restorative sleep pattern.
OSA affects 1 to 4% of the world's pediatric population, with a higher incidence between 2 to 8 years old, negatively affecting the general and oral health of children and adolescents. Studies show divergences regarding the prevalence among sexes, either showing similar rates for girls and boys, or a predilection of the disease for the male sex. Although scientific evidence reports known OSAs risk factors like adenotonsilar hypertrophy and obesity, there is still divergence of which associated characteristics are present in children and adolescents.
Diagnostic criteria of OSA in this population follows the recommendations of American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) through the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), which determines full-night PSG as the gold standard test for the diagnosis and severity of OSA, as it promotes a quantitative and objective assessment of disturbances in breathing and sleep patterns. Although parents' report of child behavior and symptoms is essential for establishing the diagnosis of OSA, the factors evaluated in the anamnesis and clinical examination, in general, do not present adequate accuracy for the diagnosis of OSA. The use of clinical history and physical examination alone is not suitable for a definite diagnose of OSA when compared to PSG. Besides, most questionnaires used as alternative diagnostic methods do not meet the necessary criteria to be considered as acceptable tools in the identification of children and adolescents with OSA.
There is evidence in the literature regarding OSA's significant morbidity in children and adolescents, leading to cardiovascular, metabolic and neurocognitive complications, resulting in reduced quality of life. Also, OSA is associated with several craniofacial and dental changes, such as retrognathia, class II malocclusion, vertical face growth and sleep bruxism. It becomes clear the importance of the dentist in identifying factors associated with OSA in children and adolescents, this being the first step towards early and definitive diagnosis, followed by adequate treatment, to minimize the health damage in this population. Therefore, this study aims to study the risk factors correlated with OSA, the prevalence and severity of illness in children and adolescents, considering that the current scientific evidence is divergent.
A retrospective cross-sectional study will be conducted to investigate the prevalence, severity and associations between diagnosis by gold-standard PSG examination and the sociodemographic, clinical conditions, sleep quality and sleep structure of children and adolescents, following the recommended criteria by the AASM. Also, this study aims to evaluate the association of sleep bruxism (SB) and OSA. The sample will consist of participants, between 1 and 18 years, who were referred to Pelotas Sleep Institute, answered the questionnaires (self-reported or parent-reported) and performed PSG for diagnostic purposes.
Dates
| Last Verified: | 06/30/2020 |
| First Submitted: | 03/27/2020 |
| Estimated Enrollment Submitted: | 03/27/2020 |
| First Posted: | 03/30/2020 |
| Last Update Submitted: | 07/20/2020 |
| Last Update Posted: | 07/21/2020 |
| Actual Study Start Date: | 03/31/2020 |
| Estimated Primary Completion Date: | 06/30/2020 |
| Estimated Study Completion Date: | 06/30/2020 |
Condition or disease
Intervention/treatment
Diagnostic Test: Children and adolescents submitted to PSG in sleep laboratory
Phase
Arm Groups
| Arm | Intervention/treatment |
|---|---|
| Children and adolescents submitted to PSG in sleep laboratory Children (1 to 11 years) and adolescents (12 to 18 years), who were referred to a sleep laboratory and submitted to full-night polysomnography due to suspicious of sleep disorders. | Diagnostic Test: Children and adolescents submitted to PSG in sleep laboratory Polysomnography, referred to as type I, allows assessing several sleep physiologic parameters (eg, EEG, electrooculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, airflow, respiratory effort, oxygen saturation), whereas audio-video recording enables to document tooth-grinding sounds and distinguishing between rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) and orofacial and other muscular activity during sleep. The apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) is defined as the number of obstructive apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is defined in PSG when AHI≥1 and is divided into the following categories, according to severity: mild OSA (AHI 1-4.9), moderate OSA (AHI 5-9.9) and severe OSA (IAH≥10) (BERRY; BUDHIRAJA; GOTTLIEB, 2012). Based on the RMMA index (number of episodes per hour of sleep), sleep bruxism is diagnosed when episodes are greater than or equal to 2 (low-frequency SB, mild bruxism) or episodes are greater than or equal to 4 (high frequency SB, severe bruxism). |
Eligibility Criteria
| Ages Eligible for Study | 1 Year To 1 Year |
| Sexes Eligible for Study | All |
| Sampling method | Non-Probability Sample |
| Accepts Healthy Volunteers | No |
| Criteria | Inclusion Criteria: - Children (1 to 11 years) and adolescents (12 to 18 years), who were referred to a sleep laboratory - Participants who performed polysomnography and answered questionnaires (self-reported or parent-reported) at Pelotas Sleep Institute. Exclusion Criteria: - Participants who present a history of syndromes, neuromuscular or neurological disorders; - Participants whose questionnaires were not completed. |
Outcome
Primary Outcome Measures
1. Prevalence and severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children and adolescents evaluated by polysomnography [two days]
Secondary Outcome Measures
1. Correlation between sociodemographic and clinical condition variables in participants diagnosed with Obstructive Sleep Apnea by polysomnography [two days]
2. Correlation between sleep quality variables in participants diagnosed with Obstructive Sleep Apnea by polysomnography [two days]
3. Correlation between sleep structure variables in participants diagnosed with Obstructive Sleep Apnea by polysomnography [two days]
4. Correlation between Sleep Bruxism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in children and adolescents evaluated by polysomnography [two days]
