Primary Outcome Measures
1. Absolute Mean Change in Iris Pigmentation on an 8-point Iris Transillumination Scale at 12 Months as Compared to Baseline. Participants Left and Right Eyes Will be Analyzed. [Baseline and 12 months]
High-resolution (2544x1696) digital images of the anterior segment of both eyes were captured prior to pupil dilation using diffuse illumination and iris transillumination. An independent reviewer selected two transillumination images from each eye of each participant for each visit according to preset quality criteria. Images were coded, randomized and presented to a panel of 18 graders on a SHARP 90" HD LED TV. After instruction and a practice dataset, graders scored each image using an 8-point scale. Graders could score images with a single decimal place if they felt an image fell in between two of the standards. The iris transillumination scale ranged from 0 to 8, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean across all graders and the two images for each participant's eye at baseline and 12 months was calculated; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline at 12 months.
Secondary Outcome Measures
1. Absolute Mean Change in Iris Pigmentation on an 8-point Iris Transillumination Scale at 3 Months as Compared to Baseline. Participants Left and Right Eyes Will be Analyzed. [Baseline and 3 months]
High-resolution (2544x1696) digital images of the anterior segment of both eyes were captured prior to pupil dilation using diffuse illumination and iris transillumination. An independent reviewer selected two transillumination images from each eye of each participant for each visit according to preset quality criteria. Images were coded, randomized and presented to a panel of 18 graders on a SHARP 90" HD LED TV. After instruction and a practice dataset, graders scored each image using an 8-point scale. Graders could score images with a single decimal place if they felt an image fell in between two of the standards. The iris transillumination scale ranged from 0 to 8, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean across all graders and the two images for each participant's eye at baseline and 3 months was calculated; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline at 3 months.
2. Absolute Mean Change in Iris Pigmentation on an 8-point Iris Transillumination Scale at 6 Months as Compared to Baseline. Participants Left and Right Eyes Will be Analyzed. [Baseline and 6 months]
High-resolution (2544x1696) digital images of the anterior segment of both eyes were captured prior to pupil dilation using diffuse illumination and iris transillumination. An independent reviewer selected two transillumination images from each eye of each participant for each visit according to preset quality criteria. Images were coded, randomized and presented to a panel of 18 graders on a SHARP 90" HD LED TV. After instruction and a practice dataset, graders scored each image using an 8-point scale. Graders could score images with a single decimal place if they felt an image fell in between two of the standards. The iris transillumination scale ranged from 0 to 8, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean across all graders and the two images for each participant's eye at baseline and 6 months was calculated; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline at 6 months.
3. Absolute Mean Change in Iris Pigmentation on an 8-point Iris Transillumination Scale at 9 Months as Compared to Baseline. Participants Left and Right Eyes Will be Analyzed. [Baseline and 9 months]
High-resolution (2544x1696) digital images of the anterior segment of both eyes were captured prior to pupil dilation using diffuse illumination and iris transillumination. An independent reviewer selected two transillumination images from each eye of each participant for each visit according to preset quality criteria. Images were coded, randomized and presented to a panel of 18 graders on a SHARP 90" HD LED TV. After instruction and a practice dataset, graders scored each image using an 8-point scale. Graders could score images with a single decimal place if they felt an image fell in between two of the standards. The iris transillumination scale ranged from 0 to 8, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean across all graders and the two images for each participant's eye at baseline and 9 months was calculated; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline at 9 months.
4. Absolute Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 3 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 3 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline.
5. Absolute Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 6 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 6 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline.
6. Absolute Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 9 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 9 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline.
7. Absolute Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 12 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 12 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate absolute change from baseline.
8. Percent Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 3 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 3 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate percentage change from baseline.
9. Percent Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 6 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 6 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate percentage change from baseline.
10. Percent Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 9 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 9 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate percentage change from baseline.
11. Percent Change in Semi-quantitative Iris Pigmentation for Each Eye at 12 Months as Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the high resolution slit lamp image was divided into 4 quadrants with vertical and horizontal lines transecting the center of the iris. Using the elliptical marquee tool, a circle, approximately 0.25 times the diameter of the iris, was drawn in the center of each quadrant. Gaussian blur with radius of 50 was applied to the area enclosed in the 4 circles. With the dropper tool, the red pigment value corresponding to the degree of iris transillumination was sampled at the center of each circle. The 4 values were averaged to yield a composite transillumination score for each subject. Quantified values were then correlated to a scale score from 1 to 8 to generate an 8-point iris transillumination scale, with lower scores reflective of greater iris pigmentation (melanin content). The mean score across the 2 images for each participant's eye was calculated at baseline and 12 months; these mean grades were then used to calculate percentage change from baseline.
12. Absolute Change in Electronic Visual Acuity at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 months]
Visual acuity was measured using the Electronic ETDRS Visual Acuity Testing protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read using an electronic ETDRS program.
13. Absolute Change in Electronic Visual Acuity at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 months]
Visual acuity was measured using the Electronic ETDRS Visual Acuity Testing protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read using an electronic ETDRS program.
14. Absolute Change in Electronic Visual Acuity at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 months]
Visual acuity was measured using the Electronic ETDRS Visual Acuity Testing protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read using an electronic ETDRS program.
15. Absolute Change in Electronic Visual Acuity at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
Visual acuity was measured using the Electronic ETDRS Visual Acuity Testing protocol. Acuity is measured as letters read using an electronic ETDRS program.
16. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity Without Glare at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. The minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity without glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 3 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
17. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity Without Glare at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. The minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity without glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 6 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
18. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity Without Glare at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. The minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity without glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 9 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
19. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity Without Glare at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. The minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity without glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 12 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
20. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With Medium Glare at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with medium glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 3 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
21. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With Medium Glare at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with medium glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 6 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
22. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With Medium Glare at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with medium glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 9 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
23. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With Medium Glare at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with medium glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 12 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
24. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With High Glare at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with high glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 3 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
25. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With High Glare at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with high glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 6 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
26. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With High Glare at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with high glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 9 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
27. Absolute Change in Contrast Sensitivity With High Glare at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
Gratings, images with alternating light and dark bars, assess contrast sensitivity via spatial frequency and contrast. Spatial frequency (SF), the number of pairs of bars (1 light, 1 dark) imaged within a given distance of the retina, is measured as the number of cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle, where a cycle is 1 pair of bars. Grating of high SF corresponds to narrow bars; grating of low SF corresponds to wide bars. Contrast is the intensity difference between light and dark bars. Minimum contrast required to detect a given SF is the threshold contrast. The lower the threshold contrast, higher the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity with high glare was measured at frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Absolute change from baseline to 12 months was calculated. Raw values were used for the planned descriptive analysis; logarithmic transformation was not used as formal statistical analysis was not planned and was not appropriate as a majority of the raw values were 0.
28. Absolute Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
29. Absolute Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
30. Absolute Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
31. Absolute Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
32. Percent Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
33. Percent Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
34. Percent Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
35. Percent Change in Adjusted Melanin Index at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Apparent absorbance (AA) at a given wavelength was determined as log10 (PR of blank/PR of object) at that wavelength. Adjusted Melanin (AM) index is calculated as the slope of AA levels from 650 to 700 nm. Lower values of AM index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites: forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
36. Absolute Change in Melanin Index at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
37. Absolute Change in Melanin Index at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
38. Absolute Change in Melanin Index at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
39. Absolute Change in Melanin Index at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Absolute change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
40. Percent Change in Melanin Index at 3 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 3 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
41. Percent Change in Melanin Index at 6 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 6 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
42. Percent Change in Melanin Index at 9 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 9 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
43. Percent Change in Melanin Index at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 Months]
Microflash 200D is a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer that uses a prism photodiode to provide information at 10 nm increments along the visual spectrum from 400 to 700 nm. Percent reflectance (PR) at a specific wavelength was placed into context by relating it to the reflectance of a blank at the equivalent wavelength (i.e. relating the object's reflectance to the maximum reflectance possible). Melanin (M) index was calculated as follows:
Eqn 1= [ (PR at 650nm + PR at 660nm + 0.5*PR at 640nm + 0.5*PR at 670nm)/3 ]/100; M index = 100*log (1/Eqn 1) Higher values of M index correspond to higher melanin concentrations. Measurements were collected 5 times at each visit from each of the following sites:forehead, inner forearm, outer forearm, inner bicep and lower back. The mean of these five measurements was calculated at each visit. Percent change from baseline was calculated using these mean values.
44. Absolute Change in Electroretinogram (ERG) at Month 6 as Compared to Baseline. [Baseline and 6 months]
Amplitude for the ERG parameter, Dark Adaptation (DA) Comb B, was measured at each visit. Participants left and right eye will be analyzed.
45. Absolute Change in Electroretinogram (ERG) at Month 12 as Compared to Baseline. [Baseline and 12 months]
Amplitude for the ERG parameter, Dark Adaptation (DA) Comb B, was measured at each visit. Participants left and right eye will be analyzed.
46. Qualitative Change in Hair Pigmentation at 3 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [Baseline and 3 months]
Qualitative change in hair pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 3 compared to previous visit.
47. Qualitative Change in Hair Pigmentation at 6 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [3 Months and 6 months]
Qualitative change in hair pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 6 compared to Month 3
48. Qualitative Change in Hair Pigmentation at 9 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [6 Months and 9 months]
Qualitative change in hair pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 9 compared to Month 6
49. Qualitative Change in Hair Pigmentation at 12 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [9 Months and 12 months]
Qualitative change in hair pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 12 compared to Month 9
50. Qualitative Change in Skin Pigmentation at 3 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [Baseline and 3 months]
Qualitative change in skin pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 3 compared to previous visit.
51. Qualitative Change in Skin Pigmentation at 6 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [3 Months and 6 months]
Qualitative change in skin pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 6 compared to Month 3
52. Qualitative Change in Skin Pigmentation at 9 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [6 Months and 9 months]
Qualitative change in skin pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 9 compared to Month 6
53. Qualitative Change in Skin Pigmentation at 12 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [9 Months and 12 months]
Qualitative change in skin pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 12 compared to Month 9
54. Qualitative Change in Fundus Pigmentation at 3 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [Baseline and 3 months]
Qualitative change in fundus pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 3 compared to previous visit.
55. Qualitative Change in Fundus Pigmentation at 6 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [3 Months and 6 months]
Qualitative change in fundus pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 6 compared to Month 3
56. Qualitative Change in Fundus Pigmentation at 9 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [6 Months and 9 months]
Qualitative change in fundus pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 9 compared to Month 6
57. Qualitative Change in Fundus Pigmentation at 12 Months Compared to Previous Visit. [9 Months and 12 months]
Qualitative change in fundus pigmentation was measured as a binary endpoint (no change vs. increase) at Month 12 compared to Month 9
58. Absolute Change in Hair Melanin at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
Hair melanin was assessed using pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), a marker of eumelanin and 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine (4-AHP), a marker of pheomelanin.
59. Percent Change in Hair Melanin at 12 Months Compared to Baseline [Baseline and 12 months]
Hair melanin was assessed using pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), a marker of eumelanin and 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine (4-AHP), a marker of pheomelanin.
Other Outcome Measures
1. Number of Ocular Adverse Events [Study duration, up to 18 months]
2. Number of Non-ocular Adverse Events [Study duration, up to 18 months]
3. Severity of Adverse Events [Study duration, up to 18 months]
4. Number of Adverse Events Related to Investigational Product (IP) [Study duration, up to 18 months]
5. Number of Participants Withdrawn From Investigational Product (IP) Due to Safety and Abnormal Laboratory Results [Study duration, up to 18 months]
