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Snow Physical Properties and Human Ventilatory Response

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StatusCompleted
Sponsors
Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine
Collaborators
Medical University Innsbruck

Keywords

Abstract

Sufficient oxygenation is critical for completely buried avalanche victims to avoid life-threatening consequences during hypoxic exposure. Snow contains a remarkable capacity to maintain air availability; it was suspected that the snow physical properties affect the development of hypoxia and hypercapnia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different snow physical properties on the development of hypoxia and hypercapnia in subjects breathing into an artificial air pocket in snow. Twelve male healthy subjects breathed through an airtight face-mask and 40cm tube into an artificial air pocket of 4L. Every subject performed three tests on different days with varying snow characteristics. Symptoms, gas and cardiovascular parameters were monitored up to 30min. Tests were interrupted at SpO2 <75% (primary endpoint); or due to subjective symptoms like dyspnea, dizziness, and headache (i.e. related to hypercapnia). Snow density was assessed via standard methods and micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis, and permeability and penetration with the snow micro-penetrometer (SMP).

Dates

Last Verified: 02/28/2017
First Submitted: 03/07/2017
Estimated Enrollment Submitted: 03/09/2017
First Posted: 03/16/2017
Last Update Submitted: 03/09/2017
Last Update Posted: 03/16/2017
Actual Study Start Date: 11/30/2013
Estimated Primary Completion Date: 03/08/2014
Estimated Study Completion Date: 03/08/2014

Condition or disease

Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
Avalanche Burial
Snow Physical Properties

Intervention/treatment

Other: Breathing in snow

Phase

-

Arm Groups

ArmIntervention/treatment
Experimental: Winter snow
First test series breathing in dry snow in winter
Experimental: Intermediate snow
Second test series breathing in dry/wet snow in intermediate season
Experimental: Spring snow
Third test series breathing in very wet snow in spring

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study 18 Years To 18 Years
Sexes Eligible for StudyAll
Accepts Healthy VolunteersYes
Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

- Healthy volunteers with an age above 18yr-old, physically active.

- Volunteers have been informed and have signed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Lack of consent.

- Chronic previous illness of the respiratory tract or of the cardiovascular system.

- Acute disease at or immediately prior to the test (eg, flu-like infection, fever of unknown origin).

- Eurac employees.

Outcome

Primary Outcome Measures

1. SpO2 (%) [Changes from baseline (measurement at 0min) -> snow-breathing phase (5min, 15min, and timepoint immediately before interruption of snow-breathing phase [max 30min]) -> 2.5min and 5min after snow-breathing phase]

Continuous monitoring

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. EtCO2 (mmHg) [Changes from baseline (measurement at 0min) -> snow-breathing phase (5min, 15min, and timepoint immediately before interruption of snow-breathing phase [max 30min]) -> 2.5min and 5min after snow-breathing phase]

Continuous monitoring

2. Cause of interruption [Timepoint immediately before interruption of snow-breathing phase (max 30min)]

SpO2 <75% or subjectives symptoms due to hypercapnia (like dyspnea, dizziness, and headache)

3. VE (L/min) [Changes from baseline (measurement at 0min) -> snow-breathing phase (5min, 15min, and timepoint immediately before interruption of snow-breathing phase [max 30min]) -> 2.5min and 5min after snow-breathing phase]

Continuous monitoring

4. rSO2 (%) [Changes from baseline (measurement at 0min) -> snow-breathing phase (5min, 15min, and timepoint immediately before interruption of snow-breathing phase [max 30min]) -> 2.5min and 5min after snow-breathing phase]

Continuous monitoring

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