botulism/protease

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Tetanus and botulism neurotoxins: a new group of zinc proteases.

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The active forms of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins, released from the precursor molecule by specific proteolysis and reduction, block the release of neurotransmitters via a Zn(2+)-dependent protease activity. VAMP/synaptobrevin, an integral membrane protein of the synaptic vesicles, is cleaved at

A dileucine in the protease of botulinum toxin A underlies its long-lived neuroparalysis: transfer of longevity to a novel potential therapeutic.

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Blockade of neurotransmitter release by botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT(A)) underlies the severe neuroparalytic symptoms of human botulism, which can last a few years. The structural basis for this remarkable persistence remains unclear. Herein, recombinant BoNT(A) was found to match the

Camelid single domain antibodies (VHHs) as neuronal cell intrabody binding agents and inhibitors of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) proteases.

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) function by delivering a protease to neuronal cells that cleave SNARE proteins and inactivate neurotransmitter exocytosis. Small (14 kDa) binding domains specific for the protease of BoNT serotypes A or B were selected from libraries of heavy chain only antibody domains

Camelid VHH Antibodies that Neutralize Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E Intoxication or Protease Function

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Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype E is one of three serotypes that cause the preponderance of human botulism cases and is a Tier 1 Select Agent. BoNT/E is unusual among BoNT serotypes for its rapid onset and short duration of intoxication. Here we report two large panels of unique, unrelated

Botulinum A like type B and tetanus toxins fulfils criteria for being a zinc-dependent protease.

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Although botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) types A and B and tetanus toxin (TeTx) are specific inhibitors of transmitter release whose light chains contain a zinc-binding motif characteristic of metalloendoproteases, only the latter two proteolyse synaptobrevin. Chelation of zinc or its readdition at high

Retargeting Clostridium difficile Toxin B to Neuronal Cells as a Potential Vehicle for Cytosolic Delivery of Therapeutic Biomolecules to Treat Botulism.

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) deliver a protease to neurons which can cause a flaccid paralysis called botulism. Development of botulism antidotes will require neuronal delivery of agents that inhibit or destroy the BoNT protease. Here, we investigated the potential of engineering Clostridium

Bacterial toxins with intracellular protease activity.

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The recent determination of their primary sequence has lead to the discovery of the metallo-proteolytic activity of the bacterial toxins responsible for tetanus, botulism and anthrax. The protease domain of these toxins enters into the cytosol where it displays a zinc-dependent endopeptidase

Targeted delivery into motor nerve terminals of inhibitors for SNARE-cleaving proteases via liposomes coupled to an atoxic botulinum neurotoxin.

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A targeted drug carrier (TDC) is described for transferring functional proteins or peptides into motor nerve terminals, a pivotal locus for therapeutics to treat neuromuscular disorders. It exploits the pronounced selectivity of botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) for interacting with acceptors on

Synthesis and evaluation of library of betulin derivatives against the botulinum neurotoxin A protease.

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic proteins currently known. Current treatments for botulinum poisoning are all protein based with a limited window of opportunity. Inhibition of the BoNT light chain protease (LC) has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of botulism

Adeno-associated virus transfer of a gene encoding SNAP-25 resistant to botulinum toxin A attenuates neuromuscular paralysis associated with botulism.

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Advances in viral gene therapy have opened new possibilities for treating a range of motor neuron diseases, but these have not yet been translated into clinically applicable therapies because of difficulties in delivery to susceptible/damaged neurons, ambiguities in the identity of gene(s)

Characterization of the neurotoxin isolated from a Clostridium baratii strain implicated in infant botulism.

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Botulism is widely known to result from ingestion of food containing botulinum neurotoxin produced in situ by certain strains of Clostridium botulinum. Infant botulism caused by C. botulinum, unlike the food-borne intoxication, is the toxicoinfectious form of botulism (S. S. Arnon, p. 331-345, in G.

Substrates and controls for the quantitative detection of active botulinum neurotoxin in protease-containing samples.

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are used in a wide variety of medical applications, but there is limited pharmacokinetic data on active BoNT. Monitoring BoNT activity in the circulation is challenging because BoNTs are highly toxic and are rapidly taken up by neurons and removed from the bloodstream.

High-throughput fluorogenic assay for determination of botulinum type B neurotoxin protease activity.

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Botulinum neurotoxins are responsible for botulism, a flaccid muscular paralysis caused by inhibition of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. This occurs by cleavage of conserved proteins involved in exocytosis such as synaptobrevin by the zinc metallopeptidase activity of the light

Ultrasensitive detection of protease activity of anthrax and botulinum toxins by a new PCR-based assay.

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Anthrax and botulism are dangerous infectious diseases that can be fatal unless detected and treated quickly. Fatalities from these diseases are primarily due to endopeptidase toxins secreted by the pathogens. Rapid and sensitive detection of the presence of active toxins is the key element for

Enhancing the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Protease Inhibitors Through Rational Design.

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Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the etiological agent that causes the neuroparalytic disease botulism, has become a highly studied drug target in light of the potential abuse of this toxin as a weapon of bioterrorism. In particular, small molecule inhibitors of the light chain metalloprotease of BoNT

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