OBJECTIVE
The coexistence of hermaphrodites and female-sterile individuals, or androdioecy, has been documented in only a handful of plants and animals. This study reports its existence in the plant species Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae), in which female-sterile individuals have shorter pistils than
Numbers of the orange-tip butterfly were recorded on a permanent transect in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve between 1982 and 1993, together with numbers of its only larval food plant in the wood, Cardamine pratensis. Females of the butterfly lay their eggs on the newly opened flower heads of