linamarase/trifolium

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Linamarase and other β-glucosidases are present in the cell walls of Trifolium repens L. leaves.

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Linamarase (EC 3.2.1.21) is a specialized β-glucosidase that hydrolyses the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin. Two clones of Trifolium repens L. derived from natural populations, of which one clone exhibited linamarase activity, were used in a comparative study to try to establish the localization of

A molecular and biochemical analysis of the structure of the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) from cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz).

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The cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) of cassava is responsible for the first step in the sequential break-down of two related cyanoglucosides. Hydrolysis of these cyanoglucosides occurs following tissue damage and leads to the production of hydrocyanic acid. This mechanism is widely regarded

The cyanogenic syndrome in rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis: tissue-damage-dependent activation of linamarase and hydroxynitrile lyase accelerates hydrogen cyanide release.

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OBJECTIVE The release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from injured plant tissue affects multiple ecological interactions. Plant-derived HCN can act as a defence against herbivores and also plays an important role in plant-pathogen interactions. Crucial for activity as a feeding deterrent is the amount of

Synthesis of the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase, linamarase, in white clover.

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The beta-glucosidase, linamarase, which specifically hydrolyzes cyanogenic substrates, linamarin and lotaustralin, in white clover, is synthesized in the early stages of leaf and seedling development in genetically competent plants. Plants, from natural populations, possessing at least one Li allele

Kinetic investigation of the substrate specificity of the cyanogenic beta-D-glucosidase (linamarase) of white clover.

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Partially purified linamarase from Trifolium repens (genotype Lili acac) plants was kinetically characterized. Kinetic evidence was found to support the assumption that this cyanogenic beta-D-glucosidase has a broad substrate spectrum. p-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside and

Nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence of the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) from white clover (Trifolium repens L.).

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The nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence of two different beta-glucosidase cDNA clones were determined. One clone (TRE104) was identified as the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase by homology with the N-terminal and internal peptide amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme. The biological

Cyanotypic frequencies in adjacent and mixed populations of Trifolium occidentale Coombe and Trifolium repens L. are regulated by different mechanisms.

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The cyanogenic polymorphism in Trifolium repens is caused by the variation in two genes, the interaction of which produces four distinct cyanotypes. Along the Atlantic coasts of Bretagne, T. repens is sometimes found in populations mixed with the related species Trifolium occidentale, although the

Adaptive gains through repeated gene loss: parallel evolution of cyanogenesis polymorphisms in the genus Trifolium (Fabaceae).

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Variation in cyanogenesis (hydrogen cyanide release following tissue damage) was first noted in populations of white clover more than a century ago, and subsequent decades of research have established this system as a classic example of an adaptive chemical defence polymorphism. Here, we document

Recurrent gene deletions and the evolution of adaptive cyanogenesis polymorphisms in white clover (Trifolium repens L.).

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Understanding the molecular evolution of genes that underlie intraspecific polymorphisms can provide insights into the process of adaptive evolution. For adaptive polymorphisms characterized by gene presence/absence (P/A) variation, underlying loci commonly show signatures of long-term balancing

Biochemical characterisation of the Li locus, which controls the activity of the cyanogenic β-glucosidase in Trifolium repens L.

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The cyanogenic β-glucosidase (linamarase) was purified from white clover leaf tissue. The enzyme is a homodimer with a molecular weight of 105 300-103 400 daltons estimated from molecular exclusion chromatography. The effect of buffer ions on the pH optimum and charge properties of the enzyme are

Searching for the bull's eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.).

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The recurrent evolution of adaptive clines within a species can be used to elucidate the selective factors and genetic responses that underlie adaptation. White clover is polymorphic for cyanogenesis (HCN release with tissue damage), and climate-associated cyanogenesis clines have evolved throughout

An analysis of the costs and benefits of the cyanogenic system in Trifolium repens L.

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The effect of the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin and their hydrolyzing enzyme linamarase was studied in a B2 generation segregating for the genes Ac and Li. Plants containing the glucosides are protected against grazing by snails both in the seedling stage and as adult plants. In

Restriction fragment length polymorphism segregation analysis of the Li locus in Trifolium repens L.

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The Li locus in white clover controls the presence of cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) activity in leaf tissue, such that plants homozygous for the 'null' allele (li) have no linamarase activity in this tissue. The isolation of a cDNA clone from linamarase mRNA is described. The cDNA clone

Reconstitution of cyanogenesis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its implications for resistance against the barley powdery mildew fungus.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produces a leucine-derived cyanogenic beta-D-glucoside, epiheterodendrin that accumulates specifically in leaf epidermis. Barley leaves are not cyanogenic, i.e. they do not possess the ability to release hydrogen cyanide, because they lack a cyanide releasing

Molecular evolution of the Li/li chemical defence polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens L.).

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White clover (Trifolium repens) is naturally polymorphic for cyanogenesis (hydrogen cyanide release following tissue damage). The ecological factors favouring cyanogenic and acyanogenic plants have been examined in numerous studies over the last half century, making this one of the best-documented

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