Vascular plants produce a variety of molecules of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic origin, including lignoids. Recent investigations indicated that in freshwater plants, some of these natural products function as chemical defenses against generalist consumers such as crayfish. Certain structural
Five of the most common macrophytes from an aquaculture facility with high densities of the herbivorous Asian grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were commonly unpalatable to three generalist consumers-grass carp and the native North American crayfishes Procambarus spiculifer and P. acutus. The
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