The drug dosage will follow memantine's standard titration schedule (i.e., 5 mg/d week one, 5 mg/BID week two, 5 & 10 mg/d divided dose week three, 10mg/BID week four).

These are identically-looking pills to the ones in the Memantine Arm

Memantine

Placebo

Total

Sex: Female, Male

Region of Enrollment

The hippocampus-dependent measures assessed in the present study are
Pattern recognition memory* - Measures visual memory for non-namable designs; scale range in dataset 4-24; higher score indicates better performance
Paired associates task* - Measures ability to learn visual associations between a picture and its location, and retention of this information over time; scale range in dataset 0-17; higher score indicates better performance
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) - Children's Version** - Measures episodic verbal memory (sum of the items recalled over the 4 learning trials); scale range in dataset 0-35; higher score indicates better performance
Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test-Children's version** - Measures episodic memory for visual information presented in context; scale range in dataset 1-20; higher score indicates better performance * used in power analysis calculation of sample size ** secondary measures associated with the primary hypothesis

Changes in Neuropsychological Measures From Baseline to End of Study

The neuropsychological benchmark measures assessed in this study are
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III; range: -27.00 to 23.00)
Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG; range: -13.00 to 19.00)
Verbal Fluency (from the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY); range: -13.00 to 10.00)
Recall of Digits (Differential Ability Scales; DAS; -50.00 to 59.00)
Spatial working memory (SWM; part of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, or CANTAB; range: -9.00 to 8.00)
Scales of Independent Behavior Revised (SIB-R; -12.00 to 26.00) All listed values represent differences in scores obtained at baseline subtracted from scores at 16-weeks of treatment. With the exception of the spatial working memory, for all measures, higher values represent better outcome. For the spatial working memory, lower values represent better outcome.

Changes in Benchmark Neuropsychological Measures From Baseline to End of Study

Clinical history and physical examinations, electrocardiograms (ECGs), comprehensive clinical laboratory tests, and incidence of adverse event recording. The comprehensive clinical laboratory tests will include assessments of liver and kidney function, electrolytes, acid/base balance, and blood glucose and proteins. In addition, pregnancy tests will be performed on all female participants of childbearing potential.

Changes of Safety and Tolerability Assessments at Baseline and End of Study

Overall Study

Dr. Alberto Costa

Down Syndrome

These are identically-looking pills to those in the Memantine Arm.

The Children's Hospital

Efficacy and Safety of Memantine Hydrochloride in Enhancing the Cognitive Abilities of Young Adults With Down Syndrome

A Sixteen-Week, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of the Efficacy, Tolerability and Safety of Memantine Hydrochloride on Enhancing the Cognitive Abilities of Young Adults With Down Syndrome

muscle hypotonia/stroke

Efficacy and Safety of Memantine Hydrochloride in Enhancing the Cognitive Abilities of Young Adults With Down Syndrome

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