TNF-α/HIF-1α/VEGF Pathway in Periodontal Diseases
Märksõnad
Abstraktne
Kirjeldus
Study Population and Clinical Examination
Eighty-seven participants were recruited for the study. Exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) systemic diseases that could affect the periodontium; 2) smoking; 3) current pregnancy or lactation; 4) nonsurgical/surgical periodontal treatment received for the past year; and 5) use of anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs within the past 6 months.
The full-mouth clinical periodontal examination included measurement of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), presence of bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) at 6 sites per tooth. Presence and extent of alveolar bone loss were assessed radiographically. Based on clinical and radiographic diagnostic criteria proposed by 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, the participants were categorized into four groups.
I. Generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) group (n=20). These individuals had minimum PD ≥6 mm and CAL ≥5 mm on eight or more teeth; at least three of these were other than central incisors or first molars. Radiographic alveolar bone loss was ≥30% of root length affecting at least three permanent teeth other than first molars and incisors. The severe destruction pattern was not commensurate with amount of plaque accumulation or other local risk factors for a given age.
II. Chronic periodontitis (CP) group (n=20). These individuals had at least four non-adjacent teeth with sites with PD ≥6 mm and CAL ≥5 mm. They had also ≥50% alveolar bone loss in at least two quadrants that was commensurate with amount of plaque accumulation. BOP was >50% in the whole mouth.
III. Gingivitis group (n=26). These individuals had varying degrees of gingival inflammation. They exhibited no sites with CAL >2 mm and no detectable alveolar bone loss in the radiography. BOP was >50% in the whole mouth.
IV. Healthy group (n=21). These periodontally healthy volunteers exhibited no sites with PD >3 mm and CAL >2 mm as well as no radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss. BOP was <15% in the whole mouth.
Saliva sampling
Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected. Each participant was asked first to rinse the mouth completely with tap water for 2 minutes, wait for 10 minutes, and then expectorate into sterile polypropylene tube for 5 minutes.
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling
Standardized filter paper strips were used for GCF sampling. Two GCF samples were taken from the buccal aspects of two non-adjacent interproximal sites of each individual. In patients with periodontitis, GCF were sampled from two sites exhibiting PD ≥6 mm and CAL ≥5 mm. GCF samples of gingivitis patients were obtained from the sites that exhibit BOP but no clinical attachment loss. In the healthy group, GCF samples were collected the sites exhibiting PD <3 mm without BOP and clinical attachment loss.
Measurement of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) Levels in GCF and Saliva Samples
HIF-1α, VEGF and TNF-α levels in GCF and saliva samples were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercial kits according to the manufacturer's guidelines.
Statistical Analysis
All data analyses were performed using a statistical software package. Comparisons of clinical and biochemical parameters between the study groups were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Kuupäevad
Viimati kinnitatud: | 05/31/2018 |
Esmalt esitatud: | 05/22/2018 |
Hinnanguline registreerumine on esitatud: | 06/13/2018 |
Esmalt postitatud: | 06/14/2018 |
Viimane värskendus on esitatud: | 06/13/2018 |
Viimati värskendus postitatud: | 06/14/2018 |
Õppe tegelik alguskuupäev: | 02/29/2016 |
Eeldatav esmane lõpetamise kuupäev: | 03/01/2016 |
Eeldatav uuringu lõpetamise kuupäev: | 12/25/2016 |
Seisund või haigus
Faas
Käerühmad
Arm | Sekkumine / ravi |
---|---|
Aggressive Periodontitis These individuals had minimum PD ≥6 mm and CAL ≥5 mm on eight or more teeth; at least three of these were other than central incisors or first molars. Radiographic alveolar bone loss was ≥30% of root length affecting at least three permanent teeth other than first molars and incisors. The severe destruction pattern was not commensurate with amount of plaque accumulation. | |
Chronic periodontitis These individuals had at least four non-adjacent teeth with sites with PD ≥6 mm and CAL ≥5 mm. They had also ≥50% alveolar bone loss in at least two quadrants that was commensurate with amount of plaque accumulation. BOP was >50% in the whole mouth. | |
Gingivitis Gingivitis patients exhibited no sites with CAL >2 mm and no detectable alveolar bone loss in the radiography. BOP was >50% in the whole mouth. | |
Healthy Periodontally healthy volunteers exhibited no sites with PD >3 mm and CAL >2 mm as well as no radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss. BOP was <15% in the whole mouth. |
Abikõlblikkuse kriteeriumid
Õppimiseks sobivad vanused | 27 Years To 27 Years |
Uuringuks kõlblikud sood | All |
Proovivõtumeetod | Probability Sample |
Võtab vastu tervislikke vabatahtlikke | Jah |
Kriteeriumid | Inclusion Criteria: 1. Systemically healthy individuals 2. Non-smoker individuals Exclusion Criteria: 1. Current pregnancy or lactation 2. Nonsurgical/surgical periodontal treatment received for the past year 3. Use of anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs within the past 6 months. |
Tulemus
Esmased tulemusnäitajad
1. Gingival crevicular fluid HIF-1α levels [A day after clinical periodontal examination]
Sekundaarsed tulemusmõõdud
1. Salivary HIF-1α levels [A day after clinical periodontal examination]
2. Gingival crevicular fluid VEGF levels [A day after clinical periodontal examination]
3. Salivary VEGF levels [A day after clinical periodontal examination]