HIV positive patients who will be positive for cryptococcal antigen (by the IMMY LFA test) would be consented for lumbar puncture in search of cryptococcal meningitis (CM). If CM is not confirmed, they would be prescribed pre-emptive fluconazole based therapy at 800mg/day for two weeks (placed on antiretroviral therapy two weeks after screening for cryptococcal antigen), then 400mg/day for 8 weeks and thereafter 200mg/day until CD4 counts increases beyond 200cells/ml. (CM confirmed cases will be referred to the ACTA trial ISRCTN45035509)

HIV positive patient who will be negative for cryptococcal antigen (by the IMMY LFA test) would not be consented for lumbar puncture, will be placed immediately on antiretroviral therapy immediately after screening for cryptococcal antigen and would not be placed on fluconazole pre-emptive therapy.

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Pre-emptive fluconazole therapy at 800mg/day for two weeks, then 400mg/day for eight weeks, and then 200mg/day thereafter till CD4 count goes beyond 200cells/ml

Fluconazole

First line anti-retroviral therapy according to Cameroon national guidelines for the management of HIV/AIDS

Antiretroviral therapy

Day Hospital of the Yaounde Central Hospital

Pre-Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Cryptococcal Antigen Screening in AIDS

Implementation and Evaluation of a Screening Strategy to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality Due to Cryptoccocal Meningo-encephalitis in ART Naive AIDS Patients With <100 CD4 Count at the Day Hospital of the Yaounde Central Hospital, Cameroon

Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenaemia and antigenuria in HIV patients with CD4 ≤ 100 cells/µL at the Day Hospital of the Yaoundé Central Hospital

Baseline prevalence of laboratory confirmed Cryptococcal Meningitis among patients screened positive for Cryptococcal antigen

Incidence of laboratory confirmed cryptococcal meningitis in patients screen cryptococcal antigen positive in the first year of anti-retroviral therapy

Incidence of newly diagnosed and relapsing, laboratory confirmed, cryptococcal meningitis in the first year after starting ART in patients screened for cryptococcal antigen.

Incidence of mortality within the first year of antiretroviral therapy among cryptococcal antigen screened patients

French National Institute for Health and Medical Research-French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (Inserm-ANRS)

Yaounde Central Hospital

St George's, University of London

spinal fluid and blood sample for identification of different factors

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

lumbar puncture for spinal fluid and blood sample

Aarhus University Hospital

sCD163 in ALS Patients

Inflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - a Study of Soluble Cluster of Differentiation 163 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid

University of Aarhus

Patients, who are suspected to suffer from CIDP or MMN, will undergo a lumbar puncture as a part of the diagnostic procedure. We expect to include 5-10 patients.
Lumbar puncture Blood sample

All patients with established CIDP in maintenance treatment with SCIG or IVIG are recruited from local registries at the outpatient clinic at Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital.
We expect that 10-15 patients with CIDP and MMN treated with SCIG or IVIG eligible for inclusion. Furthermore, we expect to include 10 CIDP and MMN patients in maintenance therapy from the outpatient clinics at Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital and Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital.

Patients who are diagnosed with other causes of peripheral neuropathies than CIDP. We expect to include 20 patients

Controls include patients with unspecified neurological symptoms or diseases who will undergo a lumbar puncture at the Department of Neurology at Aarhus University Hospital as part of their diagnostic work up irrespective of this study plus healthy controls. We expected to include 40-50 symptomatic controls

Spinal fluid and blood sample for identification of different factors

Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating

Lumbar puncture

Blood sample

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis

Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital

sCD163 & CD19 as Candidate Biomarkers in CIDP and MMN

sCD163 & CD19 as Candidate Biomarkers in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) - A Study of sCD163 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid

We randomly allocated patients to treatment with IVIG or placebo. Children received either saline or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) [ImmunoRel™ (batch 20081217)] at a dose of 400mg/kg/day for 5 days or an equivalent volume of 0.9% normal saline given intravenous at the rate of 0.01 to 0.02 ml/kg body weight/minute. All investigators, care providers and participants were blinded of the study drug. A second sealed envelope was kept with the patient's notes in case a physician urgently needed to know which drug a patient had received.

Japanese Encephalitis

IVIG group received 400mg/kg/day intravenous at the rate of 0.01 to 0.02 ml/kg body weight/minute for 5 days or appearance of side effect or adverse events.
Placebo group received 0.9% saline intravenous at similar rate.

Intravenous immunoglobulin [ImmunoRel™ (batch 20081217)]

Kanti Children's Hospital

BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

Safety and Efficacy Study of Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Treat Japanese Encephalitis

A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in Children With Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal

Patients will be monitored for side effects such as infusion site reaction, diarrhea, rise in blood pressure (in mm Hg) and change in urinary output (in ml/Kg/hour) every 12 hours from first day of commencing treatment until until death or discharge. Patient on average are administered the study drug on the first day of admission. The study drug is administered daily for 5 days. Patients are discharged on an average on eighth day (192 hours) of hospital admission.

At the time of discharge(expected average of eighth day of admission) or death: Time to death, to recover from coma, to sit independently, to stand independently, to walk at least 5m independently, and to leave hospital.
At 6 months after discharge: history of further seizures, behavioral changes, evidence of recovery of neurological sequelae such as assessment of ability to sit independently, to stand independently, to walk at least 5 meters independently.

Pre-treatment was immediately prior to the first dose of study drug on the first day, mid-treatment was immediately prior to the 4th dose and post-treatment was 1hour after administering the fifth dose of the study drug.

meningoencephalitis/päänsärky

Pre-Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Cryptococcal Antigen Screening in AIDS

sCD163 in ALS Patients

sCD163 & CD19 as Candidate Biomarkers in CIDP and MMN

Safety and Efficacy Study of Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Treat Japanese Encephalitis

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