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Papillomavirus induce benign tumours (papillomas) in a variety of animals. The papillomas generally regress but occassionally persist and may eventually progress to squamous cell carcinoma. One of the most extensively studies papillomaviruses is bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV4). BPV-4 induces
In this review, we address the major aspects of enzootic bovine hematuria and have placed special emphasis on describing the etiology, human health implications, and advanced molecular diagnosis of the disease.Enzootic bovine hematuria (EBH) is a bovine disease characterized by the intermittent
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) induces papillomas of cutaneous or mucosal epithelia in cattle. The papillomas are benign tumours and generally regress, but occasionally persist and provide the focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in the presence of environmental