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Differential Expression of Ormdl Genes in the Islets of Mice and Humans with Obesity

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The orosomucoid-like (Ormdl) proteins play a critical role in sphingolipid homeostasis, inflammation, and ER stress, all of which are associated with obesity and βcell dysfunction. However, their roles in β cells and obesity remain unknown. Here, we show that islets from overweight/obese human

Fatty acid-induced beta cell apoptosis: a link between obesity and diabetes.

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Like obese humans, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats exhibit early beta cell compensation for insulin resistance (4-fold beta cell hyperplasia) followed by decompensation (>50% loss of beta cells). In prediabetic and diabetic ZDF islets, apoptosis measured by DNA laddering is increased 3- and

Saturated free fatty acids, palmitic acid and stearic acid, induce apoptosis by stimulation of ceramide generation in rat testicular Leydig cell.

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In men, obesity has generally been associated with reduced plasma testosterone levels and with elevation of the plasma free fatty acids (FFAs). In this study, we investigated the effects of saturated FFAs including palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA), and polyunsaturated FFA arachidonic acid

Neural tube defects on the Texas-Mexico border: what we've learned in the 20 years since the Brownsville cluster.

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We reviewed the published findings from the Texas Neural Tube Defect Project, a 6-year case-control study (1995-2000) of neural tube defects (NTDs) on the Texas-Mexico border. In this review, we highlight what was learned about environmental, genetic, and nutritional factors (i.e., those related to

Palmitate induces apoptosis in Schwann cells via both ceramide-dependent and independent pathways.

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Peripheral neuropathy has been reported to prevail in obese or pre-diabetic individuals, yet its etiology remains unknown. Palmitate, a saturated fatty acid increased in obesity and diabetes, is known to induce apoptosis in multiple types of cells and this effect may be mediated by ceramide, a

Involvement of de novo ceramide synthesis in pro-inflammatory adipokine secretion and adipocyte-macrophage interaction.

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Interaction between adipocytes and macrophages has been suggested to play a central role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Ceramide, a sphingolipid de novo synthesized from palmitate, is known to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from multiple types of cells. To clarify whether de novo

Sphingolipid changes do not underlie fatty acid-evoked GLUT4 insulin resistance nor inflammation signals in muscle cells.

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Ceramides contribute to obesity-linked insulin resistance and inflammation in vivo, but whether this is a cell-autonomous phenomenon is debated, particularly in muscle, which dictates whole-body glucose uptake. We comprehensively analyzed lipid species produced in response to fatty acids and

Novel proapoptotic effect of hepatocyte growth factor: synergy with palmitate to cause pancreatic {beta}-cell apoptosis.

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Increasing evidence suggests that elevation of plasma fatty acids that often accompanies insulin resistance contributes to beta-cell insufficiency in obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Circulating levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are increased in humans with metabolic syndrome and obesity. HGF

Omega-3 fatty acid EPA improves regenerative capacity of mouse skeletal muscle cells exposed to saturated fat and inflammation.

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Sarcopenic obesity is characterised by high fat mass, low muscle mass and an elevated inflammatory environmental milieu. We therefore investigated the effects of elevated inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (aging/obesity) and saturated fatty acid, palmitate (obesity) on skeletal muscle cells in the

Environmental causes of esophageal cancer.

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This article reviews the environmental risk factors and predisposing conditions for the two main histologic types of esophageal cancer. Tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, drinking maté, low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, achalasia, and low socioeconomic status increase the risk

Nephrotoxicity and Renal Pathophysiology: A Contemporary Perspective.

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The kidney consists of numerous cell types organized into the nephron, which is the basic functional unit of the kidney. Any stimuli that induce loss of these cells can induce kidney damage and renal failure. The cause of renal failure can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic causes include

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