Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is a growing concern worldwide due to its association with respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Stemonine, a traditional Chinese herb, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Plants of genus Stemona (Stemonaceae) have long been used locally and traditionally in many South and East Asia counties to relieve cough, dispel phlegm, prevent asthma, control pests, diminish inflammation