Therapeutic Induction of Endogenous Antibiotics

Study design: A double blind randomized clinical trial with subsequent follow-up.

Study Subjects: Adult male and female patients attending the Clinical Research and Service Center (CRSC) of ICDDR,B and Matlab Hospital will be screened for participation in the study.

Randomization:

According to a computer-generated randomization list, patients full filling the entry criteria will be randomized to either intervention group (Pivmecellinam plus butyrate enema) or control group (Pivmecellinam plus normal saline enema). Butyrate enema will contain 80 mmol/L of butyrate in normal saline (pH 7.2). Placebo enema will contain normal saline(pH 7.2)

Case management:

After enrollment, the patients will be admitted in the study ward of ICDDRB Dhaka and Matlab hospital. A standard clinical history and clinical examination will be performed by one of the investigators or study physician. All patients will receive Pivmecillinam, 400 mg, 8 hourly for 5 days. The intervention group will receive butyrate enema 80 ml of 80 mM sodium butyrate, 12 hourly for 72 hours while the placebo group will get 80 ml of normal saline 12 hourly for 72 hours. All patients will receive the usual hospital food three times a day (breakfast, lunch and supper). The patients will remain in the study ward for 5 days to enable identification of any relapse cases.

Procedure for butyrate enema:

Patients will be instructed to lie on a bed (cholera cot) in left lateral position. A soft rectal catheter will be introduced by a nurse/physician, through which 80 ml of butyrate solution will be instilled slowly with a 50 ml plastic syringe. Patients will be asked to retain the enema for at least ½ hour by remaining supine for 30 minutes after the administration. However, if a patient cannot retain the enema for 30 minutes, he will be given a second round of enema immediately after defecation.

Definition of clinical cure: A patient will be defined as clinically cured if on day-3, no blood or mucus is observed in the stool, there is ≤ 3 unformed stool in 24 hours and no fever (oral temperature > 37.5° C) is recorded.

Treatment failure: A patient will be considered a treatment failure on day 3 when there is any one of the following features present: > 3 unformed stool in 24 hours, presence of blood in any stool or presence of fever (oral temperature > 37.5° C).

Collection of Samples:

Patients will be requested to stay in the hospital for at least 5 days to facilitate disease monitoring and sampling. On admission day (patients will be enrolled after serological confirmation by slide agglutination test on the subsequent day i.e. day-1), stool specimens will be collected from each patient every day starting from the day of admission till 4 days after admission. Rectal biopsy samples will be collected on the day of admission and 7 days after admission from patients enrolled in Dhaka hospital only. Three mL blood will be collected after admission for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) that will be used as an indicator for monitoring magnitude of inflammation. 1 mL blood from patients will be collected to measure CRP in serum on the 4th day of admission.

Stool: Fresh stool samples will be collected for routine microscopic examination for parasites or cysts and as well as RBC, pus cells and macrophages. Stool samples will also be tested for measuring bacterial counts/load. In brief, 1 g of stool will be diluted in normal saline (1:10), vortex-mixed for 5 min, followed by serial dilutions of 1:10 in normal saline and plated in MacConkey agar plates. After overnight incubation at 37ºC, bacterial cfu will be counted. Fresh stool specimens will also be extracted as described earlier for measuring LL-37,human beta-defensin 1 and 3 and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 and 1beta) by ELISA method.

Rectal biopsy: Rectal biopsy samples will be obtained from patients (only in Dhaka Hospital).