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The Zn/Cd-transporting ATPases, HMA2 and HMA4, essential for root-to-shoot Zn translocation, are also able to transport Cd. Phytochelatins (PCs) are a major mechanism of Cd detoxification through the sequestration of PC-Cd complexes in vacuoles. The roles of HMA2 and HMA4 in root-to-shoot Cd
The synthesis of phytochelatins (PCs) is essential for the detoxification of nonessential metals and metalloids such as cadmium and arsenic in plants and a variety of other organisms. To our knowledge, no direct evidence for a role of PCs in essential metal homeostasis has been reported to date.
Plants use several pathways to synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major phospholipid of eukaryotic cells, which has important structural and signalling roles. One is the phospho-base methylation pathway, which forms the head-group phosphocholine (PCho) through the triple methylation of