Subject baseline HR, BP, EKG recorded.
Subject will ingest sucrose (150g):
30 min later, subject will exercise on a treadmill
Subjects will return each week to repeat the above procedures with a different test solution.

Subject baseline HR, BP, ECG recorded.
Subject will ingest sucrose (150g); caffeine (400 mg)
30 min later, subject will exercise on a treadmill
Subjects will return each week to repeat the above procedures with a different test solution.

Subject baseline HR, BP, ECG recorded.
Subject will ingest sucrose (150g); caffeine (400 mg); taurine (4,000 mg); carnitine (400 mg)
30 min later, subject will exercise on a treadmill

Subject baseline HR, BP, ECG recorded.
Subject will ingest sucrose (150g); caffeine (400 mg); taurine (4,000 mg); carnitine (400 mg)

Cardiac Arrhythmia

Blood Pressure

Subject will ingest 500 mL of one of three test solutions:
A) sucrose (150g) B) sucrose (150g); caffeine (400 mg) C) sucrose (150g); caffeine (400 mg); taurine (4,000 mg); carnitine (400 mg) 3. 30 min later, subject will exercise on a treadmill using the Bruce Protocol maximum exercise test (https://www.aopa.org/go-fly/medical-resources/health-conditions/heart-and-circulatory-system/bru...). For one additional session, subjects will receive test solution C without exercise.
4. Each stage will last 3 minutes. Stage 1 = 1.7 mph at 2% Grade Stage 2 = 2.5 mph at 4% Grade Stage 3 = 3.4 mph at 6% Grade Stage 4 = 4.2 mph at 8% Grade Stage 5 = 5.0 mph at 10% Grade Stage 6 = 5.5 mph at 12% Grade Stage 7 = 6.0 mph at 14% Grade Stage 8 = 6.5 mph at 15% Grade Stage 9 = 7.0 mph at 15% Grade. The test will end when subjects reach exhaustion.
5. 1, 2, and 4 hrs following ingestion, HR, BP, and EKG will be recorded.

Energy Drink Ingredients and Exercise

Energy drink consumption frequency in the U.S. 2016, by age

General Physical Activities Defined by Level of Intensity

Duquesne University

The Effect of Energy Drink Ingredients on Cardiovascular Function in Men and Women 18-39 Years Old

The Effect of Energy Drink Ingredients on Cardiovascular Function

Lengthening or shortening of the corrected QT interval (QTc) of the subject EKG at 1, 2, and 4 hours post treatment will be compared to pre-treatment measurements. The QTc will be calculated utilizing Bezett's formula.

Increase or decrease in heart rate at 1, 2, and 4 hours post treatment compared to pre-treatment. Measurements of heart rate will be taken utilizing an automated sphygmomanometer

Increase or decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 1, 2, and 4 hours post treatment compared to pre-treatment. Measurements of heart rate will be taken utilizing an automated sphygmomanometer.

The three test solutions will be coded as "A", "B" and "C". Both the subject and the provider of the test solution to the subject will be blinded to the ingredients in the solution. The person who provides the test solution will be blind to the identity of the subject other than by subject number. The person who analyzes the data will be blinded to subject identity and which test solution was administered. The key for the test solutions and subject identity will be kept in a locked drawer in the office of the principal investigator.

glucuronolactone/lamyropsis microcephala

The Effect of Energy Drink Ingredients on Cardiovascular Function in Men and Women 18-39 Years Old

Heillasta gagnagrunnur lækningajurtanna sem studdur er af vísindum