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The plasma membrane in plant cells is energized with an electrical potential and proton gradient generated through the action of H+ pumps belonging to the P-type ATPase superfamily. The Arabidopsis genome encodes 11 plasma membrane H+ pumps. Auto-inhibited H+-ATPase isoform 10 (AHA10) is expressed
In the first reaction specific for proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) converts cyanidin to (-)-epicatechin. The glucosyltransferase UGT72L1 catalyzes formation of epicatechin 3'-O-glucoside (E3'OG), the preferred
Three members of Brassica napus TRANSPARENT TESTA 2 (BnTT2) gene family encoding potential R2R3-MYB regulatory proteins of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis were isolated. BnTT2-1, BnTT2-2, and BnTT2-3 are 1102 bp with two introns, and have a 938-bp full-length cDNA with a 260 amino acid open reading
As part of an ongoing research program dedicated to the understanding of proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulation in Brassica napus seed coat, transgenic rapeseed plants carrying a 2.3-kb fragment of the Arabidopsis thaliana BAN promoter (ProAtBAN) fused to the uidA reporter gene (GUS) were generated.
BACKGROUND
The coordinated activity of different flavonoid biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis thaliana results in tissue-specific accumulation of flavonols, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs). These compounds possess diverse functions in plants including light-attenuation and oxidative stress
The secondary cell wall is an important carbon sink in higher plants and its biosynthesis requires coordination of metabolic fluxes in the phenylpropanoid pathway. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), MYB75 and the KNOX transcription factor KNAT7 form functional complexes to regulate secondary
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are two important plant secondary metabolites, and they contribute to plant survival and human health. In particular, proanthocyanidins could also prevent ruminants from the damage of pasture bloat. However, the improvement of proanthocyanidins content remain
Recent studies on the biosynthesis of proanthocyandins have identified key genes and enzymes in the formation of 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols (epiafzelechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin). However, the enzymes that catalyze the polymerization of monomer units remain unknown. Studies of proanthocyanidin
Our understanding of proanthocyanidin (syn. condensed tannin) synthesis has been recently extended by substantial developments concerning both structural and regulatory genes. A gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase has been obtained from the tropical forage, Desmodium uncinatum, with the
OBJECTIVE
It has previously been shown that proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the seed coat of Arabidopsis thaliana have the ability to scavenge superoxide radicals (O2(-)). However, the physiological processess in PA-deficit seeds are not clear. It is hypothesized that there exist alternative ways in
Flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main nutritional polyphenols in green tea (Camellia sinensis), which provide numerous benefits to human health. To date, the regulatory mechanism of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis in green tea remains open to study. Herein, we report the
In poplar (Populus spp.), the major defense phenolics produced in leaves are the flavonoid-derived proanthocyanidins (PAs) and the salicin-based phenolic glycosides. Transcriptional activation of PA biosynthetic genes leading to PA accumulation in leaves occurs following herbivore damage and
Genetic transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the Arabidopsis TT2 MYB transcription factor resulted in ectopic expression of the BANYULS gene, encoding anthocyanidin reductase, AHA10 encoding a P-type proton-pump and TT12 encoding a transporter involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. When
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are secondary metabolites that contribute to the protection of a plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) accumulates abundant PAs in each plant organ, and some potential Myb-like transcription factors (Myb-TFs) involved in the production of PAs
Intracellular pH homeostasis is essential for all living cells. In plants, pH is usually maintained by three structurally distinct and differentially localized types of proton pump: P-type H(+) -ATPases in the plasma membrane, and multimeric vacuolar-type H(+) -ATPases (V-ATPases) and vacuolar H(+)