retinal degeneration/protease

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Pigment epithelium-derived factor delays the death of photoreceptors in mouse models of inherited retinal degenerations.

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Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily produced by retinal pigment epithelial cells in the developing and adult retina. In vitro, it induces neuronal differentiation of retinoblastoma cells and promotes survival of cerebellar granule

Loss of Drosophila i-AAA protease, dYME1L, causes abnormal mitochondria and apoptotic degeneration.

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Mitochondrial AAA (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) proteases i-AAA (intermembrane space-AAA) and m-AAA (matrix-AAA) are closely related and have major roles in inner membrane protein homeostasis. Mutations of m-AAA proteases are associated with neuromuscular disorders in humans.

Cathepsin proteases mediate photoreceptor cell degeneration in Drosophila.

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Endocytosis-mediated cell death is a form of degeneration displayed in several Drosophila mutants. This form of degeneration is displayed in several Drosophila mutant lines including flies lacking the eye-specific PLC (norpA). The cell death pathway is initiated by the stabilization of complexes

rd1 Mouse retina shows an imbalance in the activity of cysteine protease cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C.

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OBJECTIVE To compare in vivo levels, spatial localization, and in vitro secretion of cysteine protease cathepsins and cystatin C (cysC) in the retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa and control (wt) mouse retinas. METHODS The spatial localization, protein contents, cysC

Calpain activity in retinal degeneration.

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Retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or glaucoma are a major cause of blindness in humans. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the various types of retinal degeneration is a pre-requisite for the development of rational therapies for these diseases. Activation of the calcium

Apoptosis: a potential therapeutic target for retinal degenerations.

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Many retinal degenerations both inherited and induced are characterized by a loss of vision that is associated with death of photoreceptors. Inherited retinal diseases, which include Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), form the largest single cause of blindness in the developed world. The genetics of RP is

Late-onset retinal degeneration pathology due to mutations in CTRP5 is mediated through HTRA1.

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Late-onset retinal degeneration (L-ORD) is an autosomal dominant macular degeneration characterized by the formation of sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposits and neuroretinal atrophy. L-ORD results from mutations in the C1q-tumor necrosis factor-5 protein (CTRP5), encoded by the

Caspase-independent photoreceptor apoptosis in vivo and differential expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 and caspase-3 during retinal development.

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Apoptosis is the mode of photoreceptor cell death in many retinal dystrophies. Exposure of Balb/c mice to excessive levels of light induces photoreceptor apoptosis and represents an animal model for the study of retinal degenerations. Caspases have emerged as central regulators of apoptosis,

Growth factors in retinal diseases: proliferative vitreoretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and retinal degeneration.

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The goal of this review is to present the current knowledge on specific growth factor involvement in posterior segment eye disease. Growth factors can be defined as multifunctional signals which modify cell growth or proliferation, alone or in concert, by binding to specific cell surface receptors.

Caspase-dependent apoptosis in light-induced retinal degeneration.

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OBJECTIVE To study the apoptotic mechanism involved in our model of light-induced retinal degeneration. METHODS Rats were injected intravitreally with PBS, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (1.06 mM), Z-YVAD-FMK (0.16 mM), or Z-DEVD-FMK (2 mM) before they were placed in

Systematic spatio-temporal mapping reveals divergent cell death pathways in three mouse models of hereditary retinal degeneration.

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Calcium (Ca²⁺ ) dysregulation has been linked to neuronal cell death, including in hereditary retinal degeneration. Ca²⁺ dysregulation is thought to cause rod and cone photoreceptor cell death. Spatial and temporal heterogeneities in retinal disease models have hampered

Low glutathione peroxidase in rd1 mouse retina increases oxidative stress and proteases.

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Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and cysteine protease cathepsins at postnatal (PN) days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 in controls (wt) and the retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mouse model for retinitis pigmentosa retinas were measured to determine oxidative

Proteolytic cleavage of ataxin-7 promotes SCA7 retinal degeneration and neurological dysfunction.

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The neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the ataxin-7 protein, categorizing SCA7 as one member of a large class of heritable neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Cleavage of ataxin-7 by the protease caspase-7 has been

Activation of multiple pathways during photoreceptor apoptosis in the rd mouse.

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OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of this study was to characterize photoreceptor apoptosis in the rd mouse. Given that apoptosis is the final common pathway in many cases of retinal degeneration, the ability to retard or even arrest this process may ameliorate retinal disorders such as retinitis

Regional differences and post-mortem stability of enzymatic activities in the retinal pigment epithelium.

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BACKGROUND The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for the metabolism of the neural retina. As a result of dysfunction of the RPE, retinal degeneration occurs. A potential treatment for certain forms of retinal degenerations is transplantation of RPE cells. To determine optimal conditions

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