Students in the experimental group were taught about massage and progressive relaxation exercises (PRE). The phases of the massage and PRE trainings were first explained by being demonstrated by the author on herself. In the meantime, the trainings were video-taped and uploaded to the mobile phones of the students. After the author, each student was made to perform massage and PRE. Both the exercises and massage techniques were daily performed 3 times a day after pain had started and relaxation exercises lasted 30 minutes whereas massage was performed for 15 minutes consecutively

The students in the control group continued their routines during the study.

Primary Dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhoea is described as painful menstrual periods among women who have normal pelvic anatomy and causes physical and psychological health to be affected with hormonal changes as well as some symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue and stress.

Progressive relaxation exercises included 30 minute rhythmic breathing and muscle relaxation exercises were demonstrated in the second part of the CD with river sounds and verbal instructions. Massage techniques were performed on the site between upper symphysis pubis and umbilicus with 15 minute effleurage demonstrated in the third part of the CD with nature sound.

progressive relaxation exercises and massage

Mersin University Faculty of Nursing

Effect of Massage and Progressive Relaxation Exercises on Primary Dysmenorrhea

The Effect of Massage and Progressive Relaxation Exercises on Pain Intensity and Menstrual Symptoms of Students With Primary Dysmenorrhoea

At the pretest stage of the research, by the experimental group and control group, "The Personal Information Form" form is filled in to specify individual characteristics and menstruation period characteristics.

By the experimental group in each menstrual period for 3 consecutive months: both the exercises and massage techniques were daily performed three times a day after pain had started and relaxation exercises lasted 30 minutes whereas massage was performed for 15 minutes and after that the form is filled in.
Without any application by the control group the form is filled in after pain start.
In the form, pain quality is determined with 15 descriptors that describe sensory (first 11) and affective pain (last 4). Dimension of pain is evaluated to demonstrate the intensity by using a rating of 0-3 (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe). Pain quality scores of sensory pain (0-33 score), of affective pain (0-12 score) and of total (0- 45 score) are obtained. A rise in total pain quality score indicates a rise in pain sensory. In the study in order to provide an overall intensity score; Visual analog scale is included in the scale. Visual analog scale suggests general pain intensity.

By the experimental group in each menstrual period for 3 consecutive months: both the exercises and massage techniques were daily performed three times a day after pain had started and relaxation exercises lasted 30 minutes whereas massage was performed for 15 minutes and after that "Daily Symptom Rating Scale" form is filled in.
Without any application by the control group "Daily Symptom Rating Scale" form is filled in after menstrual symptoms start.
In the scale that includes 17 symptoms, each symptom is scored according to its intensity with a five point rating between 0 and 5. An increase in scores indicates high intensity of the symptoms.

EBRU YILDIZ

Principal Investigator

Mersin University

The study was done experimentally in pre-test and post-test design and randomized controlled model among students with PD.
The sample size was calculated with power analysis. According to calculations, it was found that 58 students were enough for sampling through 95% of power value, 0.05 of confidence interval and 0.88 of effect size. Students who were determined to meet sampling and inclusion criteria through questionnaire and accepted to participate in the study were assigned into the experimental and control groups through randomization.
During the follow-up of the three menstruation periods, the number of groups was increased in case of drop-out and 100 students were included. However, the study was completed with a total of 97 students -50 students for the experimental group and 47 students for the control group- because 3 students of the control group withdrew from the study in the second month.

Patients inhale 7 drops of bergamot essential oil using an essential oil administration bottle TID (morning, midday, and evening) for up to 7 days. Patients also use a journal to document symptoms, time of inhalation, and medication use TID for up to 7 days.

Patients inhale 7 drops of chamomile essential oil and complete journal as in group I.

Patients inhale 7 drops of ginger essential oil and complete journal as in group I.

Patients inhale 7 drops of almond essential oil and complete journal as in group I.

Gastrointestinal Cancer

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Skin Cancer

Aromatherapy and Essential Oils

Subject Diary

Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center

Inhaled Essential Oil Effect on Common QOL Concerns During Cancer Treatment

Inhaled Essential Oil Effect on Common Quality of Life Concerns During Cancer Treatment

Levels of nausea and anxiety will be measured using a numerical grading scale of 0-10. 0 will equal "good" meaning no nausea or anxiety. 10 will equal "horrible" meaning the worst nausea or anxiety. Data for each outcome will be collected 3 times a day, for a total of 21 measurements from each subject. For data analysis, we will compress the 21 measures into 3 scores. Each subject will be given a daily outcome level by averaging the 3 measures. The 7 daily outcome levels will become 3 scores by averaging data from days 1 and 2 (Period 1), days 3 and 4 (Period 2), and days 5, 6, and 7 (Period 3). Using the 3 scores, each outcome will be modeled using a repeated measures regression allowing the variability of outcome scores to vary with period. Period, group membership, the interaction between period and group membership, gender, age, and type of cancer will be model predictors. For each outcome, the contrast of interest will be that between each treatment group and the control group.

Anticipated results of the study are that patients will report decreased levels of nausea and anxiety. With the decreased levels of nausea and anxiety, we anticipate that patients will report increased levels of appetite and decreased levels of fatigue. Loss of appetite and fatigue will be measured using a numerical grading scale of 0-10. 0 will equal "good" meaning no loss of appetite or fatigue. 10 will equal "horrible" meaning the worst appetite loss or fatigue. Data will be collected, measured, and analyzed in the same manner as Outcome 1.

The overall ease of using the personal inhalation bottle will be measured through post-study ratings by participants. A numerical rating scale of 1-5 will be used. 1 will equal strongly disagree; 2 will equal disagree; 3 will equal neither agree nor disagree; 4 will equal agree; and 5 will equal strongly agree. The study will compare via a percentage those participants with positive acceptability when compared to those with negative acceptability.

The utilization of the personal inhalation bottle beyond the study period will be measured through post-study ratings by participants. A numerical rating scale of 1-5 will be used. 1 will equal strongly disagree; 2 will equal disagree; 3 will equal neither agree nor disagree; 4 will equal agree; and 5 will equal strongly agree. The study will compare via a percentage those participants with positive acceptability when compared to those with negative acceptability.

The overall perception of help for symptoms will be measured through post-study ratings by participants. A numerical rating scale of 1-5 will be used. 1 will equal strongly disagree; 2 will equal disagree; 3 will equal neither agree nor disagree; 4 will equal agree; and 5 will equal strongly agree. The study will compare via a percentage those participants with positive acceptability when compared to those with negative acceptability.

Amber Williams

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

The women in this arm will receive an essential oil blend to inhale each afternoon for two weeks.

The women in this arm will receive an odorless vegetable based oil to inhale each afternoon for two weeks as a control/placebo.

Fatigue

Hypothyroidism

The essential oil intervention is a blend of plant derived oils which have been distilled from crude plant matter and analyzed in a laboratory to identify chemical composition.

Aromatherapy Blend

The placebo substance is an odorless vegetable oil derived from avocados.

Placebo

Franklin Institute of Wellness

The Effect of Aroma on Fatigue Scores Among Women With Hypothyroidism

This measurement collects self reported fatigue scores at baseline and at the end of each week of the intervention. Each item is scored from 0-4, with higher scores indicating greater levels of fatigue.

essential oil/fatica

Effect of Massage and Progressive Relaxation Exercises on Primary Dysmenorrhea

Inhaled Essential Oil Effect on Common QOL Concerns During Cancer Treatment

The Effect of Aroma on Fatigue Scores Among Women With Hypothyroidism

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