1.0 Background
While atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia requiring therapy, it is also associated with increased risk of stroke, heart failure, myocardial infarction, dementia, and death. The number of Americans affected with AF is expected to surge to nearly 16
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) is a rare condition hallmarked by the presence of a retroperitoneal mass consisting of chronic inflammatory infiltrate and abundant fibrous tissue. IRF usually presents as a systemic inflammatory disease, with constitutional symptoms (e.g. fatigue, weight