emergence delirium/悪性腫瘍

Caudal anesthesia is one of the most commonly used regional anesthetic and analgesic technique in pediatric patient as it is an easy safe and reliable method that can be performed for both intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in patient undergoing lower abdominal and lower limb surgery. It can

Butorphanol is a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid with strong κappa-receptor agonist and weak mu-receptor antagonist activity. It is commonly used for the management of cancer, postoperative, gynecologic, and obstetric pain. Additionally, Butorphanol has less respiratory depression and sedation

The process of the experiment (brief describe) The participant patients will be randomly allocated into three groups: the intravenous dexmedetomidine group (Dex_iv group), dexmedetomidine adding to local anesthetic as an adjuvant for subcostal TAP block (Dex_adj group), and Control group. All

Study Arm(s): Enrollment There are totally 150 cases, 50 cases in each group. At least 120 cases complete the test. Randomized grouping Under the guidance of a drug administrator, the different drug and control groups are randomly encoded. Each code has a corresponding emergency envelope. Blind