3 結果
OBJECTIVE
To identify genetic and nongenetic risk factors that contribute to the severity of the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC).
METHODS
Patients with BEEC from North America (n = 167) and Europe (n = 274) were included. The following data were collected: associated anomalies, parental
OBJECTIVE
We sought to identify causative nongenetic and genetic risk factors for the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex.
METHODS
A total of 237 families with the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex were invited to participate in the study, and information was obtained from 214 families, mainly
Apart from Husmann and Vandersteen [in: Gearhart JP, Matthews R (eds) The Epispadias-Exstrophy Complex. Kluwer, New York, pp 199-206, 1999], we report only the second case of Down syndrome (DS) associated with exstrophy of the bladder (EB). Besides the appearance of DS, the newborn exhibited a