ginsenoside rd/atrophy

Ginsenosides are the main active constituents of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Re is one of the major ginsenosides; whereas hydrolysis products such as Rd appear to have higher biological activity though are present in smaller amounts. Ginsenosides, from their early use in folk medicine to modern

In Parkinson's disease clinical and experimental evidence suggest that neuroinflammatory changes in cytokines caused by microglial activation contribute to neuronal death. Experimentally, neuroinflammation of dopaminergic neurons can be evoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. In mesencephalic

Among the various theories of the aging process, the free radical theory, which proposes that deleterious actions of free radicals are responsible for the functional deterioration associated with aging, has received widespread attention. The theory suggests that enhancement of the antioxidative