mandragora officinarum/モルヒネ

Opium has been known for millennia to relieve pain and its use for surgical analgesia has been recorded for several centuries. The Sumerian clay tablet (about 2100 BC) is considered to be the world's oldest recorded list of medical prescriptions. It is believed by some scholars that the opium poppy

OBJECTIVE To analyse the historical development of morphine for postoperative analgesia and how this development was shaped by the evolution of anesthetic techniques. METHODS After a systematic review of the literature, information was gathered from primary sources. RESULTS In ancient medicine, some

BACKGROUND Past practices of compound drugs from different plant ingredients enjoyed remarkable longevity over centuries yet are largely dismissed by modern science as subtherapeutic, lethal or fanciful. OBJECTIVE To examine the phytochemical content of a popular medieval opiate drug called the