mandragora officinarum/cannabinoid

Plant-based drugs of abuse are as old as recorded human history. Although traditional addictive substances, such as opium, cannabis and coca, have been controlled by the United Nations anti-drug conventions, many, if not most, natural plants with addictive or abuse liability remain elusive.

This is a review of Ibn al Quff's account of surgical pain relief in his surgical book Al Omdah, in which he mentioned the word anesthetic (Al moukhadder) and the involvement of physician (al tabbaaee) to give mixture of drugs to prevent pain in a surgical condition to relieve the patient from pain

OBJECTIVE To analyse the historical development of morphine for postoperative analgesia and how this development was shaped by the evolution of anesthetic techniques. METHODS After a systematic review of the literature, information was gathered from primary sources. RESULTS In ancient medicine, some