Surgical Approach in Fast Track Knee Arthroplasty

Nowadays, due to the demands to improve life and health conditions of OA patients, more effective surgical treatment methods are needed to obtain satisfactory results when performing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Fast-track surgical protocols are evidence based multidisciplinary approaches targeted on multimodal patient care and primarily focused on enhancing rapid functional recovery of the patients. These protocols include patient education to cope with anxiety and stress of surgery, nutritional planning and avoidance of long hours of fasting, preemptive analgesia, avoidance of tourniquet use, rational antibiotic prophylaxis, local infiltration anesthesia, and early physical therapy modalities. The ultimate aims of assembling these surgical protocols are to decrease mortality and morbidity, length of hospital stay, and eventually hospital costs while obtaining maximum patient satisfaction.

Surgical approaches when performing TKA operations includes standard medial parapatellar (MPP) approach and minimal invasive approaches such as mini midvastus (MMV) and subvastus (SV) approaches. Possible advantages of not performing quadriceps tendon splitting in MV surgical approach (such as less pain, earlier functional recovery, enhanced quadriceps muscle strength, and better ROM) convinced surgeons to prefer minimal invasive approaches to MPP approach when performing rapid recovery protocols in TKA patients. In addition, better surgical outcomes with traditional protocols in short term reports in favor of minimal invasive approaches also encouraged fast-track protocol builders to prefer minimal invasive approaches. However, these recommendations are not evidence based and, to our knowledge, there is no study comparing surgical outcomes between minimal invasive approaches and MPP approach in terms of pain, length of hospital stay and functional recovery in fast-track TKA patients. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of MMV and MPP approaches on postoperative clinical results (pain, quality of life, functional outcome, and length of hospital stay) in fast-track TKA patients, and to decide whether any additional achievements are obtained with MMV approach in this patient group. Our secondary outcome measures were length of operation time, blood loss and postoperative component alignments.

Clinical and demographic variables of the participants were recorded and patients were evaluated preoperatively, at postoperative fourth and twelfth week by a blinded observer. Knee range of motion was assessed with digital goniometer (HALO Medical Devices, Australia); quadriceps muscle strength was measured (unit=newton(N)) with hand-held dynamometer (Commander Muscle Tester, J Tech, USA); The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was used to determine patient-reported activity limitations; 30-sec chair-stand test and stair-climb test were performed for performance-based activity limitations; Short Form-36 (SF-36) was used for quality of life evaluations.

Alignment analysis Long leg radiographs of the patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively by using a digital orthopedic templating software-Materialise OrthoView (OrthoView version 7, Materialise HQ, Technologielaan 15 3001 Leuven, Belgium). Hip-knee-ankle angles (HKA), femorotibial angles, lateral proximal femoral angles (LPFA), lateral distal femoral angles (LDFA), medial proximal tibial angles (MPTA), lateral distal tibial angles (LDTA), tibial posterior slope angles were all measured and recorded by a blinded observer.

Preoperative patient education classes All the patients were received preoperative informative classes about TKA procedure, nutritional and nursing support, physical therapy and rehabilitation applications. Booklets concerning all these classes were also handed out to all patients.

Anesthesia Protocol Excluding diabetics, all the patients were received oral carbohydrate (%12.5 carbohydrate liquid solution-Fantomalt, Nutricia) loading on the night before the operation (between 19:00 and 23:00) and 2 hours before the operation. Solid foods were allowed up to 6 hours before the operation and liquids allowed up to 2 hours preoperatively. Early oral feeding was started at 4 to 6 hours postoperatively for all patients. Intravenous midazolam 1-2 mg and fentanyl 50-100 μg were applied to all patients 30-45 minutes preoperatively. Except 12 patients, all patients received spinal anesthesia. Seven patients due to previous lumber fusion and 5 patients due to personal preference were received general anesthesia.

Surgical Technique All the operations were performed by the same surgeon using the same brand and type of prosthesis. MPP and MMV approaches were performed as described in the literature. All the patients received posterior stabilized fixed bearing TKA (NexGen Legacy® Posterior Stabilized Knee-Fixed Bearing, Zimmer-Biomet Inc., Warsaw, Indiana 46580, ABD), and high viscosity polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement (Oliga-G21 srl-Vias. Pertini, 8-41039 San Posidonia (MO)-Italy). All the operations were performed without using tourniquet.

Local infiltration anesthesia (LIA) (20 cc bupivacaine hydrochloride, 1 gr fentanyl, 1 gr cefazolin sodium, 0.3 ml epinephrine, and dilute volume of physiologic serum (%0,9 NaCl) to 50 cc) to posterior capsule just before the application of permanent implants, and to anterior capsule, prepatellar fat pad and peri ligamentous nociceptive receptors following consolidation of bone cement was injected.

One gram of tranexamic acid was injected intravenously (iv) at least 30 minutes before the incision, 1 gr diluted to 30 cc by physiologic serum (%0,9 NaCl) was given intraarticularly following the closure of the wound, and another 1 gr was infused 2 hours after the operation.

Preoperative and postoperative analgesia protocol For preemptive analgesia, paracetamol 500 mg tablets were prescribed 3 times 2 tablets per day beginning from 3 days before the operation. One gram of iv infusion of paracetamol was given just after the operation in postoperative care unit and continued as 3 times 1gr iv infusion. First line rescue analgesic was intramuscular 75 mg diclofenac sodium and second line analgesic was iv 100 mg tramadol hydrochloride.

Antibiotic and thrombosis prophylaxis protocol One gr of cefazolin sodium iv was applied 30 minutes before the incision as antibiotic prophylaxis. Low molecular weight heparin-enoxaparin sodium 4000 iu/0.8 ml/day was used subcutaneously as thromboembolic prophylaxis starting at the 6-8 hours postoperatively and continued for 20 days.

Rehabilitation protocol and discharge criteria The patients were mobilized at the 4th hour following surgery and standard physiotherapy program was scheduled during hospitalization (cold-pack -once in every 2 hours for 15 minutes, ankle pump exercises, quadriceps isometric exercises, active assisted heel slide exercises in bed and knee flexion exercises in sitting position/3 sets×10 repeats). The patients were evaluated regularly every two hours during postoperative period and those fulfilling discharge criteria were released from the hospital and length of hospital stay was recorded for every patient. The standard discharge criteria were as follows: VAS score at rest <3, VAS score during mobilization <5, able to get dressed independently, able to get in and out of bed, able to sit and rise from a chair/toilet seat, independence in personal care, mobilization with walker/crutches, able to walk >70 meters without risk of fall with walking aid, no incision problem.

The discharged patients were instructed for a standard home-based exercise program. Patients were also asked to visit the ward at a biweekly interval for the update of the exercise program for the first 8 weeks. 15-40 minutes of walking exercises were also prescribed for 5 days/week between 9th and 12th weeks.

Statistical analysis Priori power analysis concerning quadriceps muscle strength showed that at an effect size of d=0.7, 52 patients are needed (26 patients for each group) to obtain 80 % power (1-beta=0.80) with 95 % confidence interval (alpha=0.05).

The data was analyzed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) package program. Continuous variables were given as mean ± standard deviation, median (minimum and maximum) and categorical variable values were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The conformity of continuous variables with normal distribution was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Independent Samples t-test for parametric test assumptions and Mann-Whitney U Test for non-parametric test assumptions were used for comparison of the groups. One-way repeated-measure ANOVA was used to compare the normally distributed data from the parameters repeatedly measured in the inner-group analysis, and Friedman analysis of variance was performed for the remaining data set. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.