Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara is a highly valued medicinal plant that is used to treat or prevent bronchitis, cough, cancer, and obesity. However, there has been no study on the production of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara seedlings in a closed-type
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is extensively used for treating cough, excessive phlegm, sore throat, bronchitis and asthma, whereas Adenophora stricta (AS) is commonly used to reduce phlegm, clear lung and tonify stomach. Due to similar appearances, PG is sometimes adulterated with cheap AS so as to