Biosynthesis of glucosinolates--gene discovery and beyond.

Glucosinolates are sulfur-rich secondary metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order with important biological and economic roles in plant defense and human nutrition. Application of systems biology tools continues to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates. Recent progress includes genes in all three phases of the pathway, i.e. side-chain elongation of precursor amino acids, formation of the core glucosinolate structure and side-chain decoration. Major breakthroughs include the ability to produce glucosinolates in Nicotiana benthamiana, the finding that specific glucosinolates play a key role in Arabidopsis innate immune response, and a better understanding of the link between primary sulfur metabolism and glucosinolate biosynthesis.