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To study the influence of central cholinergic muscarinic transmission on human cortical middle-latency auditory evoked magnetic fields (MAEF), centrally acting antagonist scopolamine hydrobromide (0.3 mg, i.v.), and peripheral muscarinic receptor antagonist glycopyrrolate (0.2 mg, i.v.), were
The frequency of the responses, i.e., squares entered (ambulation), rearing and grooming, were recorded over 30 min for saline, and 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg scopolamine treated groups. Scopolamine produced an inverted U dose-response curve for ambulation, an increase in rearing but no effect on
Hairy root cultures were obtained from hybrid clones of Duboisia myoporoides x D. leichhardtii following transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4. Shoots spontaneously regenerating from the hairy root cultures were rooted and transferred to soil. The plants displayed typical
Both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic drugs produce hyperlocomotion in rats. Dopaminergic drugs also produce focused stereotypy (absence of locomotion and intense sniffing or licking/biting of a restricted area of the environment). Some drugs produce repetitive routes of locomotion; this phenomenon
The muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MAChR) blockade with scopolamine either extended or restricted to the hippocampus, before or after training in inhibitory avoidance (IA) caused anterograde or retrograde amnesia, respectively, in the rat, because there was no long-term memory (LTM) expression.
The effects of scopolamine on memory consolidation are controversial and depend on several factors (i.e. site of administration, time of administration and testing, dose, cognitive task, experimental protocol, specie, strain, etc.). Generally, the range dose of systemic administered scopolamine,
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a potent neuromodulator in the brain with multiple, complex effects on neuronal function, most of which are mediated by muscarinic receptors. Generally, the most significant effect is excitation of pyramidal neurones and facilitation of responses to afferent stimulation. Much
In sensory systems, it is usually considered that mesopontine cholinergic neurons exert their modulatory action in the thalamus by enhancing the relay of sensory messages during states of neural network desynchronization. Here, we report a projection heretofore unknown of these cholinergic cells to
Atropa belladonna is one of the most important plant sources for producing pharmaceutical tropane alkaloids (TAs). T1 progeny of transgenic A. belladonna, in which putrescine N-methyltransferase (EC. 2.1.1.53) from Nicotiana tabacum (NtPMT) and hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase (EC. 1.14.11.14) from
Animal model of depression was developed by means of chronic exposure of rat pups to anticholinergic drugs (Atropine, Scopolamine) during the early life period from postnatal day 7 (P7) and/or 14 (P14) to P21 and/or P28, respectively. Such procedure resulted in lasting behavioral changes that were
Frustration can be defined as an emotional state generated by the omission or devaluation in the quantity or quality of an expected appetitive reward. Thus, reactivity to a reward is affected by prior experience with the different reinforcer values of that reward. This phenomenon is known as
Treatment of pregnant seropositive women and their neonates with the nucleoside analogs (reverse transcriptase inhibitors) zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and their combination has become a standard of care in industrialized countries to prevent transmission of the HIV-1 virus. Animal studies
Nursery-reared rhesus monkeys were treated with no or moderate levels of lead during the first year postpartum. Previously, the lead-treated monkeys exhibited behaviors in the nonhuman primate version of the open field (10) resembling those caused by hippocampal lesions. The current study
The aim of these experiments was to assess whether the clinically validated cognition enhancers donepezil (Aricept, E2020) and metrifonate antagonize scopolamine-induced deficits in the cone field, a complex spatial discrimination task. The cone field task allows measurement of the effects of
The present study was conducted to compare the behavioral effects of intracerebroventricular AF64A injection, electrolytic lesion of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), and systemic scopolamine treatment, all of which are typical experimental models of central cholinergic system dysfunction, on