Progressors are those individuals with early or intermediate AMD at baseline who progress to advanced AMD during follow-up, and individuals with advanced AMD in one eye at baseline who progress to advanced AMD in both eyes.

Nonprogressors are those individuals with early or intermediate AMD at baseline who do not progressed to advanced AMD during follow-up, and individuals with advanced AMD in one eye at baseline who do not progress to advanced AMD in fellow eye.

Macular Pigment Optical Density

The eye hospital of Wenzhou Medical University

Wenzhou Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Progression Study

Progression of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Association With Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD)

Incident advanced AMD was evaluated based on the AMD grade at the end of the clinical trial with follow-up time of 3 years. Progressors were those individuals with early or intermediate AMD at baseline who progressed to advanced AMD during follow-up, and individuals with advanced AMD in one eye at baseline who progressed to advanced AMD in both eyes

controlling for age (70 years or older versus younger than 70)

Baseline AMD grade was deﬁned as AREDS category 1 in both eyes (essentially free of age-related macular abnormalities), category 2 in the worst eye (mild changes including multiple small drusen, nonextensive intermediate drusen, and/or pigment abnormalities), category 3 in the worst eye (at least one large drusen of at least 125µm diameter, extensive intermediate drusen, and/or noncentral geographic atrophy), category 4 in one eye (advanced AMD, either neovascular or central geographic atrophy, or visual loss due to AMD regardless of phenotype), or category 4 in both eyes.

cigarette smoking information was acquired by questionaires(never, past, or current)
.

BMI was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters ( 25, 25-29.9, and 30 )

Xiaoling Liu

Chief in retina center

The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University

A singe use, disposable, positive end expiratory pressure device worn over the nostrils while sleeping.

A visibly identical sham device that does not provide positive end expiratory pressure.

A singe use, disposable, positive end expiratory pressure device worn over the nostrils while sleeping.
Theravent: nasal EPAP device

Theravent

A visibly identical sham device that does not provide positive end expiratory pressure.
Control: Sham device without EPAP

Control

Total

Sex: Female, Male

Region of Enrollment

Acute mountain sickness will be measured by Lake Louise Criteria and diagnosed as LLC > or = to 3 with presence of a headache. Study participants will be followed approximately for 10 hours, from when they go to sleep until awakening the next morning.

Incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness

Number of nocturnal desaturations will be measured by Watch-PAT200, a wristwatch type continuous sleep cycle and pulse oximetry analyzer. Study participants will be followed approximately for 10 hours, from when they go to sleep until awakening the next morning.

Number of Nocturnal Desaturations

Severity of acute mountain sickness will be evaluated by the Lake Louise Criteria (0-15 point scale) with higher scores representing more severe symptoms. Study participants will be followed approximately for 10 hours, from when they go to sleep until awakening the next morning.

Acute Mountain Sickness Severity

Nocturnal Awakenings

Overall Study

Dr. Grant Lipman

Acute Mountain Sickness

Nepal

Study Looking at End Expiratory Pressure for Altitude Illness Decrease (SLEEP-AID)

Randomized Controlled Trial for Assessment of a Novel Non-Pharmacologic Intervention for Decrease in Altitude Illness

Grant S Lipman

Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine

Stanford University

University of Utah

II. Study arms:
a. Participants in the dry AMD study group will be randomized into two arms with a 4:1 ratio: i. Omega-3-fatty acids 4 gm oral daily (Total:840mg EPA/2520mg DHA) (1:3 ratio of EPA to DHA) ( 6 capsules fatty acids)

ii. Placebo oral daily (6 softgel capsules, each contains 1100 mg olive oil)

Aged Macular Degeneration

Omega-3-fatty acids 4 gm oral daily (Total:840mg EPA/2520mg DHA) (1:3 ratio of EPA to DHA) ( 6 capsules fatty acids)

Omega 3

Olive Oil

Mid Atlantic Retina

Omega-3-fatty Acids on Age-related Macular

Short Term Ocular Safety Assessment of High Dose Omega-3 Supplementation for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Aim: To demonstrate the short-term multi focal electroretinogram (mfERG) effect of oral omega-3-fatty acids in the triglyceride form on dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Null hypothesis: Omega-3-fatty acids do not affect the mfERGs of patients with dry AMD.

Dr. Allen Ho, Principal Investigator

LifeGuard

AIH protocol: it consists of 15, 90-second hypoxic episodes (FiO2=0.09) interspersed with 15, 90-second normoxic intervals (FiO2=0.21) for a total time of 45 minutes. This protocol will be repeated every day for 5 consecutive days and then 3 times per week for 3 weeks. Total time: 4 weeks. After this AIH protocol, patients will received body weight-assisted treadmill training (BWSTT) for 45 minutes.

Sham protocol: it consists of continuous normoxia (FiO2=0.21) for 45 minutes for 5 consecutive days and then 3 times per week for 3 weeks. Total time: 4 weeks.After this AIH protocol, patients will received body weight-assisted treadmill training (BWSTT) for 45 minutes.

IH protocol: it consists of 15, 90-second hypoxic episodes (FiO2=0.09) interspersed with 15, 90-second normoxic intervals (FiO2=0.21) for a total time of 45 minutes. This protocol was repeated every day for 5 consecutive days and then 3 times per week for 3 weeks. After each session of IH, patients received body weight-assisted treadmill training (BWSTT) for 45 minutes.
BWSTT: Patient´s gait was trained through a weight-assisted treadmill (BWSTT). All recruited patients started BWSTT at a speed of 0.6 km/hr. The physical therapist manually corrected posture to assure an adequate gait, increasing the speed of treadmill progressively depending upon the patient progress and tolerance. This training was done immediately after the protocol of IH.

Intermittent Hypoxia Arm

Sham protocol: it consisted of continuous normoxia (FiO2=0.21) for 45 minutes for 5 consecutive days and then 3 times per week for 3 weeks. After each session, patients received body weight-assisted treadmill training (BWSTT) for 45 minutes.
BWSTT: Patient´s gait was trained through a weight-assisted treadmill. All recruited patients started BWSTT at a speed of 0.6 km/hr. The physical therapist manually corrected the patient´s posture to assure an adequate gait, increasing the speed of treadmill progressively depending upon the patient progress and tolerance.

Normoxia Arm

The 10-meter walk test measures the time (in seconds) that it takes a patient to walk 10m.

Gait Speed With 10-Meter Walk Test

The 6-Minute Walk Test measures the distance (in meters) a patient is able to walk over 6 minutes.

IH protocol: it consisted of 15, 90-second hypoxic episodes (FiO2=0.09) interspersed with 15, 90-second normoxic intervals (FiO2=0.21) for a total time of 45 minutes. This protocol was repeated every day for 5 consecutive days and then 3 times per week for 3 weeks. After each session of IH, patients received body weight-assisted treadmill training (BWSTT) for 45 minutes.
BWSTT: Patient´s gait was trained through a weight-assisted treadmill (BWSTT). All recruited patients started BWSTT at a speed of 0.6 km/hr. The physical therapist manually corrected posture to assure an adequate gait, increasing the speed of treadmill progressively depending upon the patient progress and tolerance. This training was done immediately after the protocol of IH.

Gait Endurance With the 6-Minute Walk Test

The timed up and go test measures the time (in seconds) it takes the patient to stand-up from a seated position in a chair, walk 3 meters at a comfortable and safe pace, turn, walk back to the chair and sit down.

Gait Speed With the Timed up and go Test

The Ashworth Scale assess muscle tone. It is a 5-points scale ranging from 0 (no increase in muscle tone) to 4 (limb rigid in flexion or extension).

Percentage of Subjects With Worsening Muscle Tone on the Ashworth Scale

The visual analog test assess general pain intensity. It is a 10-score scale ranging from no pain (score 0) to unbearable pain (score 10).

Percentage of Subjects With Worsening Pain Perception on the "The Visual Analog Test"

The ROCF is a neuropsychological instrument used for assessment of episodic visual memory.
Z score ranges from -2 (worse outcome), -1, 0, 1 and 2 (best outcome). The normal population range is between -1 and 1.
Z score was calculated with the following formula: Z score = (direct score-average for a particular age range)/standard deviation

Learning and Memory With the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) Test

The TAVEC is the Spanish version of the California Verbal Learning Test and is used for the assessment of episodic verbal memory.
Z score ranges from -2 (worse outcome), -1, 0, 1 and 2 (best outcome). The normal population range is between -1 and 1.
Z score was calculated with the following formula: Z score = (direct score-average for a particular age range)/standard deviation

Learning and Memory With the Complutense Verbal Learning Test (TAVEC)

Acute Intermittent Hypoxia Arm

Dr. Angela Navarrete-Opazo

Spinal Cord Injuries

Patients will breath 9% oxigen for 1.5 minutes interspersed with 1.5 minutes of 21% oxigen (normoxia), 15 times for a total of 45 minutes.

Acute Intermittent Hypoxia

Patient´s gait will be trained through a weight-assisted treadmill (BWSTT). All recruited patients will start BWSTT at a speed of 0.6 km/hr. The physical therapist will manually correct posture to assure an adequate gait, increasing the speed of treadmill progressively depending upon the patient progress and tolerance. This training will be done immediately after the protocol of AIH or Sham and it will last 45 minutes.

Body weight-assisted treadmill training

It consists of continuous normoxia (FiO2=0.21) for 45 minutes for 5 consecutive days and then 3 times per week for 3 weeks. Total time: 4 weeks.

mountain/atrofiere

Wenzhou Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Progression Study

Study Looking at End Expiratory Pressure for Altitude Illness Decrease (SLEEP-AID)

Omega-3-fatty Acids on Age-related Macular

Acute Intermittent Hypoxia and Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training for Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Patients

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